1. Anionic detergents. These are so called because a large part of their molecules are anions. These are of two types:
(i) Sodium alkyl sulphates. For example, sodium lauryl sulphate, \(C_{ 11 }H_{ 23 }CH_{ 2 }OSO_{ 3 }Na\)
(ii) Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonates. The most widely used domestic detergent ~js sodium 4-(1- dodecylbenzene sulphonate (SDS).
2. Cationic detergents. These are quaternary ammonium salts. For example, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride.
\([CH_{ 3 }(CH_{ 2 })_{ 15 }\overset { + }{ N } (CH_{ 3 })_{ 3 }]CI^{ - }\\ Cetylrimethylammonium\quad chloride\)
3. Neutral or Non-ionic detergents. These are esters of high molecular mass alcocols with fatty acids. For example, polyethylene glycol stearate.
 \([CH_{ 3 }(CH_{ 2 })_{ 16 }COO(CH_{ 2 }CH_{ 2 }O)_{ n }CH_{ 2 }CH_{ 2 }OH\\ \quad \quad \quad \quad polyethyleneglycolstearate\\ \)

(i) Antifertility drugs: Those drugs which control the birth of the child are called antifertility drugs. e.g. mifepristone, progesterone.
(ii) Antibiotics: Those drugs which kill or prevent the growth of bacteria and other micro-organisms are called antibiotics, e.g. Streptomycin.

Smaller the branching, larger the biodegradability of a detergent, i.e. detergents with long straight chains of hydrocarbon are more easily degraded than those
having branched hydrocarbon chains.

(i) It is an antacid and helps in removing acidity of stomach.
(ii) As the water contain Ca²⁺ ions, therefore it is hard water. Hence synthetic detergents are preferred over the soaps for cleaning the clothes because calcium salts of detergents are soluble in water while calcium salts of soap are insoluble. As a result, lot of soap is wasted.
(iii) 0.2% solution of phenol is used as an antiseptic where as 1% solution of phenol acts as a disinfectant.

(a) Luminal produces sleep and is habit forming. These are also called sedative tranquilizers.
(b) Seconal is an antidepressant (tran- quilizer). Sometimes the patients are highly depressed and lose self- confidence This drug produces feeling of well being and improve efficiency.
(c) Streptomycin is an antibiotic. It is used to cure tuberculosis.

Detergents are chemicals obtained from materials other than animal fat.
They are mostly sodium or potassium salts of benzene sulphonic acids or sulphates of long chain alkenes or quarternary ammonium salts of long chain tertiary amines.
Types of Detergents:
(i) Cationic detergents
(i) Anionic detergents
(iii) Non-ionic detergents.
Advantages of Detergents over Soaps:
(i) They work well even with hard water.
(ii) They can work well even with acidic water.
(iii) They can be used for woollen garments.
(iv) They are more effective than soaps.
Example: Sodium benzene sulphonate is an example of anionic detergent.

Anionic detergents: Long chain alcohols are used in the manufacture of some of the synthetic anronic detergents. The long chain alcohols are treated with concentrated sulphuric acid to form alkyl hydrogen sulphates of high molecular mass and finally alkyl sulphates are neutralised with alkali to form salts, eg.
Sodium lauryl sulphonate is example of anionic detergent.
Preparation:
\(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{10} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4} \longrightarrow \mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{10} \mathrm{CH}_{2}-\mathrm{OSO}_{3} \mathrm{H} \stackrel{\mathrm{NaOH}}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{CH}_{3}\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2}\right)_{10} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OSO}_{3}^{-} \mathrm{Na}^{2}\)
Lauryl akchol                                                     Lauryl sulphonate                                     Sodium lauryl sulphonate (Anionic detergent)
It is called anionic detergent because large part of the molecule is anion. The single anionic detergent in largest use today in household detergents is alkylbenzene sulphonate. Uses: They are effective in acidic solutions whereas soap are not effective due to formation of insoluble fatty acids. Anionic detergents are also used in toothpastes.

(a) Antiseptics do not harm tissues whereas disinfectants are harmful for tissues. 0.2% solution of phenol is antiseptic, 2% is disinfectant.
(b) It is iodine dissolved in alcohol. It is used as antiseptic.

(i) It is called aspirin.
(ii) Its IUPAC name is 2-acetoxy benzoic acid.
(iii) It checks blood from getting thick which leads to heart problems.
(iv) In our body, aspirin gets hydrolyzed into salicylic acid which can cause gastric irritation in man and sometimes lead to bleeding from stomach. Preferably it must not be taken empty stomach.

(i) Awareness about health. Discussion by mutual understanding.
(ii) We can spread awareness about these issues by organizing seminars or discussions with the other people.
(iii) Tranquilizers are chemical substances used for the treatment of mental diseases and tensions. e.g., Barbituric acid, veronal etc
(iv) Aspartame is unstable at higher temperature. Thus, its use is limited to cold foods and drinks.