By increasing RBC count, By decreasing binding capacity of hemoglobin, By increasing breathing rate.

a. Three cuts.
b. Four strands.
c. Sticky ends, since they have complementary bases, they can rejoin fragments with complementary sticky ends to form rDNA (gene from vector and the gene to be cloned is inserted)
d. DNA ligase

1. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
This act clearly brings the protection of air, water and soil quality, and the control of environmental pollutants including noise under its purview.
2. The Insecticide Act, 1968.
This act deals with the regulation of import, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution and use of insecticides with a view to prevent risk to human health and other organisms.
3.The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
This act deals with the preservation of water quality and the control of water pollution with a concern for the detrimental of water pollutants on human health and also on the biological world.
4. The Air Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
This act deals with the preservation of air quality and the control of air pollution with a concern for the detrimental effects of air pollutants on human health and also on the biological world. In 1987, important amendments of the Air Act 1981 were made and noise was recognised as an air pollutant.
5. Many countries have enacted legislation to control noise. India enacted Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and noise pollution has been declared as an offence.

Differences between a prokaryotic chromosome and eukaryotic chromosome.

The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment, and energy production.

Horticulture is a branch of agriculture which deals with act of growing fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants.
Horticultural Crops

In case of male urethra, there is present a single opening for the elimination of urine and for ejaculation of sperms.In female, there are two separate openings, one for the elimination of urine and other for vaginal orifice.The urethra in male is continued into the panis and in case of female it has not been found.

1. IVF (In Vitro Fertilization)  involves fusion of sperm and ovum in a culture medium outside the female genital tract.It should be performed under following conditions:
(a) Removal of unfertilized ovum from ovary of female or female reproduction tract with a laparoscope.
(b) Ovum is kept in culture medium in an aseptic conditions.
(c) Collection of semen of male in hygienic manner.
(d) Gamates are induced to fuse under simulated conditions to form zygote.
2. ET  (Embryo Transfer)  involves transfer of developing embryo from culture medium into female reproductive tract.It occurs in the presence of following conditions:
(a) Zygote is induced to develop in culture medium.It can implanted upto 32 cells stage into fallopian tube or uterus.
(b) Endometrium is stimulated to proliferate for implantation.

1. S.L. Miller used this.
2. The electrodes (a) are used to create an electric discharge, similar to the lightning in the primitive earth; it was to provide energy.
3. He observed formation of amino acids; it proved the chemical evolution.

Mass Extinction
It is the phenomenon in which a large number of species became extinct in short span of time because of catasrophies, e.g extinction of dinosaurs -784 species.

Symptoms of AIDS:
 (i) Swollen lymph nodes.
 (ii) Fever
 (iii) Night sweats.
(iv) Loss of body weight
(v) Infection by pathogen.

It is a stop/termination codon

UAA or UAG

They terminate the translation process i.e they stop the elongation of the polypeptide chain during translation.

The tassels of corn cob are the styles and stigma.
They are meant to easily trap the air-borne pollen grains.

Hermaphrodites are those bisexual organisms which posses both male and female reproductive organs in the same body, e.g. Tapeworm and earthworm.

The illustration given above represents the process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a single print and radiating or spreading to other. habitats.· Such a phenomenon may be called as adaptive radiation. Australian marshpials within Australian island. Darwin has explained that a number of different marsupials of various habitats have evolved from a single ancestral stock. When more than one adaptive radiations appeared to have taken place in different habitats of an isolated geographical area & two or more groups of unrelated organisms evolve similar features & adopt to the same habitat it may be referred to as convergent evolution.

The major problem here is that the proteins with a short half lives are not orally active and are not absorbed properly.
An orally active protein should be metabolically stable and have a longer half life, so that it is not degraded fast and absorbed efficiently.
To make orally active protein drug, the site directed mutagenesis can be used to redesign their genes for the expression of a modified peptide.

Sun is the endless source of energy, but the chemical materials of the environment are exhaustible.The producers fix solar energy into the chemical energy of organic compounds by utilizing inorganic substance (i.e., CO₂ and water). This stored energy is passed to consumers by repeated eating and being eaten.Decomposers act on dead decaying organic matter and return the locked inorganic substance back to the environment for their reuse by producers.Without this, all life will ultimately cease to exist and earth will be full of dead organisms and waste organic substances.

The main reasons for low milk production in India are insufficient number of improved breeds and the improper feeding of the cattle. Improved breeds should be increased in number by proper management which include fascilities, processes, materials and labour. Cattle should be fed with proper and balanced feed consisting of appropriate quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and water.

An electrostatic precipitator. It removes over 99% particulate matter present in the exhaust from a thermal power plant. It has electrode wires and a stage of collecting plates. The electrode, wires are maintained at several thousand volts, which produce a corona that releases electrons. These electrons attach to dust particles and give them a net negative charge within a very small fraction of a second. The collecting plates are grounded and attract the charged dust particles. The velocity of air between the plates must be low enough to allow the dust to fall.

(i) The Nile perch introduced into Lake Victoria in East Africa caused extinction of more than 200 species of cichlid fish in that lake.
(ii) Partneniurn, Lantana and Eichhornia caused environmental damage and posed threat to many species in our country.
(iii) Illegal introduction of African catfish, Clarias qariepinus for aquaculture purposes is posing a threat to the indigenous catfishes in our rivers.

1. After entering the body of a person,the virus enters the macrophages.
2. The viral genome (RNA) undergoes replication and reverse transcription  to become viral DNA with the help of reverse transcriptase.
3. The viral DNA gets incorporated into the DNA of the cells and directs these cells to produce virus particles.
4. The macrophages function as HIV factory and produce a number of HIV particles.
5. These HIV particles move out of macrophages and infect the helper T-lymphocytes and replicant to produce progeny viruses.
6. The progeny viruses released in the blood attack new helper T- cells.
7. This process is repeated and there is a progressive decrease in the number of helper T-cells. 

The doctor must have used Pedigree analysis; which refers to the analysis of distribution and movement of traits in a series of generations of a family. Since the non-haemophilic parents give rise to a haemophilic child, the genotypes of them should be

(i) Emasculation refers to the practice of removal of anthers/stamens from a bisexual flower before the pollen grains mature.
(ii) It is necessary to prevent the self-pollen from contaminating the stigma.
(iii) Bagging refers to the covering of the emasculated flowers with a suitable bag made of butter paper; it is essential to prevent contamination of the stigma of the emasculated flower with unwanted pollen grains.
(iv) When the stigma becomes receptive, the pollen grains from the selected flowers are dusted on it and the flower is rebagged for the development of fruits and seeds.
(v) If female parent bears unisexual flowers, there is no need for emasculation.
(vi) The female flower buds are bagged before they open.
(vi) When the stigma becomes receptive, pollination is carried out with the desired pollen the flowers are rebagged.

(a) Refer Quick Review (Same value points to be awarded in an explanation) 
(b) Purpose : Used to ligate with a vector for further cloning. Detection of bacteria or virus by amplification of their DNNdetection of HIV in AIDS patient. Detection of mutation in genes in suspected cancer patients.

(i) It is a polygenic inheritance. It is a quantitative inheritance. The skin coloration is due to additive effect of dominant genes.
(ii) (a) understanding
(b) awareness
(c) Compassion
(d) Sensitivity towards her companions

(i) Higher animals reproduce by sexual reproduction to increase their population. The sexual reproduction involves formation and fusion of gametes to form the zygote which develops into the embryo followed by the development of a new individual.
(ii) No these individuals do not continue to reproduce throughout their life. They reproduce only during the certain period of their life which is called as the reproductive phase which follows the juvenile phase and is followed by senescence phase.
(iii) Krishna is a keen observer, curious, inquisitive and a fast learner.

(b) Mode of action of IUDs
(i) Increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
(ii) Cu⁺⁺ released suppress sperms motility/fertility capacity of sperm.
(iii) Hormone releasing IUDs make uterus unsuitable for implantation/cervix hostile to the sperms.

(i) Her mother-in-law is right that mother should breast feed her baby.
(ii) Mother's milk perfect food for infants. It protects infants from intestinal and other bacterial infections.
(iii) It may disturb hormonal balance in the body of the mother and she may develop breast cancer.

Uses of biodiversity.
1. As source of food and improved varieties.
2. As source of drugs and medicines.
3. Aesthetic and cultural benefits.
Examples of aesthetic rewards include ecotourism, bird watching, wildlife, pet keeping, gardening, etc. Throughout human history, people have related biodiversity to the very existence of human race through cultural and religious beliefs.
4. Biodiversity is essential for the maintenance and sustainable utilization of goods and services from ecological system as well as from individual species.

Solid waste can be biodegradable recyclable non-biodegradable, and can be categorised municipal wastes (sewage), Industrial waste, hospitals and nursing wastes and electronic waste. Irrepairable computers, mobiles and other electronic goods are often known as 'e' waste or electronic waste.
Source of e-waste 
Majority of the developing countries like China, Pakistan and India import irrepairable electronic goods for their valuable metals like copper, nickel and gold.
Disposal of e-waste 
Such waste should be burried in landfills or incinerated. In developing countries metal from e-waste is extracted manually. So, during working with e-waste, one can expose with toxic substances present in it, and may get affected by skin diseases in future. However, recycling is the only solution for the treatment of electronic waste.

(a) (i) Mutation,
(ii) genetic recombination during gametogenesis,
(iii) gene flow and
(iv) genetic drift.
(b) Different ways in which natural selection results in different populations include the following:
(i) Stabilisation - More individuals acquire mean character value, i.e. variation is much reduced.
(ii) Directional change - More individuals acquire value other than the mean character value.
 (iii) Disruption - More individuals acquire peripheral character values at both ends of the distribution curve. 

Xerarch succession
1. In the primary xerarch succession lichens are the pioneer species they secrete acids to' dissolve the rock, facilitating weathering and soil formation.
2. With formation of soil, small plants like bryophytes occupy the area.
3. They are succeeded by bigger plants over a long period of time.
4. After several more seral stages, a stable climax forest community is formed.
5. The climax community remains stable as long as the environment remains unchanged.
6. The xeric habitat is changed into a mesic habitat.

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase proved that DNA is the genetic material.
Experiment of Hershey and Chase
1. They made two different preparations of the phage; in one, the DNA was made radioactive with \(^{ 32 }P\) and in the other, the protein coat was made radioactive with \(^{ 35 }{ { S } }\).
2. These two phage preparations were allowed to infect the bacterial cells separately.
Soon after infection, the cultures were gently agitated in a blender to separate the adhering protein coats of the virus from the bacterial cells.
3. The culture was also centrifuged to separate the viral coat and the bacterial cells.
4. It was found that when the phage containing radioactive DNA was used to infect the bacteria, its radioactivity was found in the bacterial cells (in the sediment) indicating that the DNA has been injected into the bacterial cell.
5. So, DNA is the genetic material and not proteins.

Hybrid varieties 
1.. Wheat    - Himgiri
2. Rice          - Jaya, Ratna
3. Cowpea    - Pusa Komal
4. Okra          - Pusa Sawani
5. Flat bean - Pusa Sem-2
6. Mustard   - Pusa Gaurav
                     - Pusa Swarnim
7. Chilli - Pusa Sadabahar