i) Social responsibility
ii) Empathy, Harmony
iii) Motivation, Cooperation

i) Planning is the Management function
ii) The values the above mentioned paragraph highlight are:
a) Hard work helps individuals to turn their dreams into reality
b) Initiative, confidence, commitment

i) Lack of Feeling of ownness in an organization.
ii) Lack of Manager’s faith in his employees.
iii) Wastage of time.

i) Stability in prices
ii) Regular Supply of Goods
iii) Fulfilling social responsibility
iv) Control on hoarding & Black- Marketing

i) Environment protection
ii) Safety of birds
iii) Safety of Health of Society

Strategy.

Rules are specific statements that tell what is to be done.
1. A ‘rule’ reflects a managerial decision that a certain action must or must not be taken.
2. They are usually the simplest type of plans because there is no compromise or change unless a policy decision is taken.
3. Rules are rigid and definite plans that specify what is to be done or not to be done is given situations.
4. Rules are to be enforced rigidly and there is generally a fine or penalty for violation of rules. They do no allow for any flexibility or discretion.

Plg in an activity which is done by top mgt. usually the rest of the organisation just implements these plans. The result is that middle management and other decision makers are neither allowed to deviate from plans nor are they permitted to act on their own. This planning restricts creativity

Planning is regarded as a pervasive function as it is required at all levels of mgt. as well as in all departments of the organisation. However the scope of plg. differs at differs at different levels and among different departments.

Koontz and O’ Donnell.

(a) Policies
(b) Objectives
(c) Strategies.

Planning.

Planning affects initiative as it facilitates the decision making and reduces thee overlapping and wasteful activities.

No, Planning does not eliminate risk. It only reduces the risks. Business enterprises operate in an uncertain environment and face several types of risk. Planning enable these enterprices to predict future events & prepare to face the unexpected events. With the help of planning mangers can identify potential dangers and take steps to overcome them. Thus plg. helps to reduce risk.

Planning is a mental activity. It requires application of the mind involving creative thinking and imagination, foresight & judgment. A manager can make sound. Plans only when he has sound judgment, foresignt & vision. Plg; in not mere guess work but involves logical & systematic thinking.