The ionisation isomer of [Ni(NH₃)₃NO₃]Cl is [Ni(NH₃)₃Cl]NO₃. Its IUPAC name is triamminechloridonickel (II) nitrate.

Butan-1-ol is optically inactive compound due to the absence of asymmetric C-atom (or chiral C-atom) whereas butan-2-ol is optically active compound due to the presence of asymmetric C-atom (or chiral C-atom).

(i)Ethanal to 2-hydroxy-3-butenoic acid
(ii) Malonic acid to acetic acid
(iii) Acetone to 2-methyl-2-propanol

0.70 V, 3Mg + 2 AI³⁺ \(\longrightarrow\) 3 Mg²⁺ + 2 AI

Those polymers in unsaturated monomers combine together without loss of any molecule are called addition polymers.

There are two types of addition polymers:
(i) Homopolymers: when addition polymerisation of single monomeric species take places, the polymer formed are called homopolymers, e.g. polythene is homopolymer.
(ii) Copolymers: The polymer made by addition polymerisation from two different monomers are called copolymers, .g. Buna-S is copolymer of 1,3-butadiene and styrene.

(a) Isoelectric point: It is the pH at which +ve and -ve charges on zwitter ion are equal, e.g., amino acid exists as zwitter ion at pH =5.5 to 6.3.
(b) Mutarotation : It is a spontaneous change in optical rotaion when an optically active substance is dissolved in water, e.g., \(\alpha\)-glucose, when dissolved  in water, its optical rotaion changes from 111^o to 52.5^o.
(c)Enzymes : They are biological catalysts which catalyse specific biochemical reactions, e.g., 
\(\underset { sucrose }{ C_{ 12 }H_{ 22 }O_{ 11 } } +H_{ 2 }O\quad \overset { invertase }{ \longrightarrow } \underset { Glucose }{ C_{ 6 }H_{ { 12 } }O_{ 6 } } +\underset { Fructose }{ C_{ 6 }H_{ 12 }O_{ 6 } } \)
Most of enzymes are globular proteins.

\(d=\frac { Z\times M }{ { a }^{ 3 }\times { N }_{ A } } \)
\(\\ M=\frac { d\times { a }^{ 3 }\times { N }_{ A } }{ Z }\)
\( Z=\frac { 8.0g{ cm }^{ -3 }\times { \left( 250 \right) }^{ 3 }\times { 10 }^{ -30 }{ cm }^{ 3 }\times 6.023\times { 10 }^{ 23 } }{ 2 }\)
\(Z=\frac { 8\times 15.625\times 6.023 }{ 20 } \)
\(=\frac { 752.875 }{ 20 } \)
\(\\ 37.64 \ g{ \ mol }^{ -1 }\)
\(For \ bcc, \ 4r=\sqrt { 3 } a\)
\(\ r=\frac { \sqrt { 3 } a }{ 4 } =\frac { 1.732\times 250 }{ 4 } =108.25 \ pm\)

(i) Piezoelectric crystals behaves as mechanical electrical transducer. 
(ii) Piezoelectric crystals are used as pickups in record players where they produce electric signals by application of pressure. 
(iii) We generally become tense and pessimistic under stress. But we should face every situation, accept every worst situation as challenge and maintain our mental balance. It will definitely result in our performance just like in piezoelectric crystals. We can learn from these non-living crystals to be optimistic as worst situations can be converted into an opportunity.

(i) Main formaldehyde resins: Bakelite, melamine formaldehyde and urea Formaldehyde. 
(ii) Bakelite: Phenol and formaldehyde.
Melamine formaldehyde: Melamine and formaldehyde.
Urea formaldehyde: Urea and formaldehyde. 
(iii) Melamine is used for this purpose. 
(iv) In the modern world, polymer industry has a major role. No doubt, natural polymers are also useful but synthetic polymers have an impact on most of our daily house hold necessity items. It may range from kitchen, bed room and also all luxury items. But it is not worth to destroy plants as they are life giving.

(i) Awareness about health. Discussion by mutual understanding.
(ii) We can spread awareness about these issues by organizing seminars or discussions with the other people.
(iii) Tranquilizers are chemical substances used for the treatment of mental diseases and tensions. e.g., Barbituric acid, veronal etc
(iv) Aspartame is unstable at higher temperature. Thus, its use is limited to cold foods and drinks.

(i) The dissolution of sugar will increase on heating the mixture.
(ii) The rate of reaction increases with the rate of reaction.  
(iii) On increasing the temperature by 10'C, the molecules possessing activation energy becomes double. Therefore, the rate of reaction doubles.
(iv) Presence of mind and ability to give advice

(i) Yes, putting some small pieces of charcoal in the fridge can solve the problem of intermixing of odours to some extent. This is because charcoal is a good adsorbent of odours or vapours. Further breaking a big lump of charcoal into small pieces will increase the surface area of adsorbent, more is the extent of adsorption. 
(ii) Values associated with Rihana's suggestion are:
(i) Love for her parents
(ii) Keen observation
(iii) Use of chemistry in daily life
(iv) A will to experiment and explore
(v) Presence of mind.

Sulphuric acid is one of the most useful industrial chemicals. It is used in strongest batteries, in textiles paper and leather industry, in manufacture of points and pigments.

(a) \({ (i)\ XeF }_{ 4 }+{ SbF }_{ 5 }\longrightarrow { XeF }_{ 4 }.{ SbF }_{ 5 }\longrightarrow { { [XeF }_{ 3 }] }^{ + }{ { [SbF }_{ 6 }] }^{ - }\)
\(\\ (ii)\ { CI }_{ 2 }+{ 3F }_{ 2 }\overset { 547K }{ \longrightarrow } { 2CIF }_{ 3 }\)
                         (excess)
(b)
(i) In molecular nitrogen, there is a triple bond between two nitrogen atoms (N = N) and it is nonpolar in character. Due to the presence of a triple bond, it has very high bond dissociation energy (\(941.4kJ\quad { mol }^{ -1 }\) ) and therefore, it does not react with other elements under normal conditions and is very unreactive. However, it may react at higher temperatures.
(ii) The stability of +5 oxidation state decreases down the group because of inert pair effect. Therefore, the +5 oxidation state of Bi is less stable than that of Sb.
(iii) In \({ NO }_{ 2 }\) , there is one electron on N while in \({ NO }_{ 2 }^{ + }\) , there is no electron and in \({ NO }_{ 2 }^{ - }\) , there is a lone pair of electrons on N as shown below:

\({ NO }_{ 2 }^{ + }\)molecule is linear and has bond angle of 180°. The repulsion by single electron is less as compared to repulsion by a lone pair of electrons. Therefore, bond pairs in \({ NO }_{ 2 }^{ - }\)  are forces more closer than in \({ NO }_{ 2 }\) .

Alanine exists as a zwitterion (I) in aqueous solution. In presence of acid (pH = 2), the basic - COO- group accepts a proton to give cation (II) but in presence of a base (pH = 10), the acidic - \({ NH }_{ 3 }\) group donates a proton to the base and thus exists as an anion (III).
\(\quad \quad \quad { CH }_{ 3 }\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad { CH }_{ 3 }\\ \quad \quad \quad \quad |\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad |\\ \overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CH-{ COO }^{ - }\quad \overset { { H }^{ + } }{ \longrightarrow } \overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CH-{ COO }H\\ \quad \quad Alanine\quad (I)\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad II\)
\(\\ \quad \quad \quad { CH }_{ 3 }\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad { CH }_{ 3 }\\ \quad \quad \quad \quad |\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad |\\ \overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CH-{ COO }^{ - }\quad \overset { { OH }^{ - } }{ \longrightarrow } \overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CH-{ { COO }^{ - } }\\ \quad \quad Alanine\quad (I)\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad III\\ \)

CFC (chlorofluoro carbons) are responsible for the destruction of ozone layer and UV light can reach earth which may cause skin cancer and affect flora and fauna.
These compounds should be banned and their use should be made to minimum extent.

(i) Electronic configurations: In 1^st transition series, 3d orbitals are progressively filled, whereas, in 2nd transition series, 4d orbitals are progressively filled and in 3^rd transition series, 5d-orbitals are progressively filled.
(ii) Oxidation states: Elements show variable oxidation states in both the. series. The highest oxidation state is equal to a total number of electrons in '5' as well as 'd' orbitals. The number of oxidation states shown is less in 5d transition series than 4d series. In 3d series +2, +3 oxidation states are common and they form stable complexes in these oxidation states. In other series, SO₄ and PtF₆ are formed which are quite stable in higher oxidation state. 
(iii) ionization enthalpies: The ionization enthalpy of 5d series is higher than 3d and 4d series due to lanthanide contraction, the effective nuclear charge is more.
(iv) Atomic sizes: The atomic sizes of 4d and 5d series do not differ appreciably due to lanthanoid contraction. The atomic radii of second and third series are larger than 3d series.

(i) [Fe(CN)J4-: Hexacyanoferrate (II) ion. Structure. In this case, iron is in +2 oxidation state having the outer electronic configuration 3d⁶ . To account for the diamagnetic character, all the electrons get paired leaving two vacant orbitals.
The hybridization scheme and bonding is as shown below: 

(ii) [Cr(NH₃)₄CI₂]⁺: Tetraamminedichlorido chromium (III) ion. The chromium (Z = 24) has the electronic configuration 3d⁵4S¹. The chromium in this complex is in + 3 oxidation state and the ion is formed by the loss of one 4s and two of the 3d-electrons as shown in Fig. (a). The inner d-orbitals are already vacant and two vacant 3d, one 4s, and three 4p-orbitals are hybridized to form six d²sp³ -hybrid orbitals. Six pairs of electrons one from each NH3molecule and Cl ions (shown by xx) occupy the six vacant hybrid orbitals. The molecule has octahedral geometry. Since the complex contains three unpaired electrons, it is paramagnetic.
 

(i) Haemoglobin present in blood transports oxygen from lungs to all the tissues of the body and \({ CO }_{ 2 }\)from the tissues to the lungs for exhale.
(ii) Collagen is a fibrous protein present in connecting tissues of tendons, cartilages, and bones.

It is because it will get oxidised with nitric acid if it is not acetylated.

(i) The monomer of polyvinyl chloride is CH₂ = CHCl vinyl chloride.
(ii) The monomer of teflon is CF₂ = CF₂ tetrafluoroethylene.
(iii) The monomers involved in the formation of bakelite are HCHO formaldehyde and C₆H₅OH phenol.

(i) The molecules of the colloidal medium due to their kinetic motion, collide with. the particles of the dispersed phase. The impacts of the dispersion medium particles are unequal and this causes a zigzag motion of the colloidal particles known as Brownian movement
(ii) The phenomenon of scattering of light by colloidal particles as a result of which the path of the beam becomes visible is called Tyndall effect
(iii) The phenomenon of precipitation of a colloidal sol by the addition pf excess of an electrolyte is called coagulation of cell ideal sol.
(iv) The process of converting freshly prepared precipitates into colloidal form by the addition of a suitable electrolyte is called peptization. The electrolytes used for the purpose are called peptizing agents. For example, on treating precipitate of iron (III) oxide with a small amount of FeCl3 solution, gives a reddish brown colored colloidal solution. During peptization, the suitable ions from the added electrolyte are adsorbed by the particles of the precipitate. The charged particles repel one another and form a colloidal solution. In this case, Fe³⁺ ions from ferric chloride are adsorbed by Fe(OH)₃ precipitate.

This is due to the face that alkali metal ions have large size which cannot fit into the interstitial sites.

(i) 4-Methylpentanal
(ii) But-2-en-1-al
(iii) 3,3,5-Trimethylhexan-2-one
(iv) Benzene-1, 4-dicarbaldehyde

An enamine

SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber) is an addition copolymer.

(a) : For equimolar solution of twoi acids, \(\frac { Strength of Acid 1}{Strength of Acid 2} = \)  \(\frac {k_1}{k_2}\)

On increasing the temperature, volume of the solution increases. Hence Molarity decreases.