M₂O₃

Aniline forms the salt anilinium chloride with HCIwhich is water soluble
 

Natural polymers are high molecular mass macromolecules obtained from natural sources (plants and animals). For example,
(i) Proteins;
(ii) Nucleic acids
Synthetic polymers are man made high molecular mass macromolecules which are prepared in laboratories.
For example,
(i) Polythene;
(ii) Nylon

They dissociate slowly and hence give a smooth and even deposit.

The amount of gas adsorbed increases with increase in pressure, the increase is however not proportionate but less. The saturation pressure 'Ps' keeps the adsorption constant. At a given temperature, the mass of the gas adsorbed per gram of adsorbent by a solid adsorbent at various pressure is given by an empirical solution known as Freundlich equation:

where 'x' is the amount (mass) of gas adsorbed by m gram of the solid adsorbent at pressure (P), k and 'n' are constants at a given temperature for a gas and solid adsorbents. The graph can be sub-divided into three parts.

(t) Glucose does not respond to Schiff's reagent test.

(il) It does not react with sodium bisulphite and ammonia.

\((i)\ \left[ Co{ \left( { NH }_{ 3 } \right) }_{ 5 }{ SO }_{ 4 } \right] Cl+{ AgNO }_{ 3 }(aq)\longrightarrow AgCl(s)+\left[ Co{ \left( { NH }_{ 3 } \right) }{ SO }_{ 4 } \right] { NO }_{ 3 }\\ \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad 'A'\quad \ \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad white\ ppt\)
\( \left[ Co{ \left( { NH }_{ 3 } \right) }_{ 5 }Cl \right] { SO }_{ 4 }+{ BaCl }_{ 2 }\longrightarrow { BaSO }_{ 4 }(s)+\left[ Co{ \left( { NH }_{ 3 } \right) }_{ 5 }Cl \right] { Cl }_{ 2 }\\ \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad 'B'\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad white\ ppt\)
(ii) Ionisation isomerism
(iii) 'N' is pentaamrnine chloridocobalt(III) sulphate.
'B' is pentaammine sulphatocobalt(III) chloride.

Mn²⁺ (3d⁵) > V²⁺ (3d³) > Fe²⁺ (3d⁶)

3d⁵ 4s² > 3d³ 4s² > 3d⁶ 4s²

It is because reduction potential of Mn²⁺ is lowest and it has half filled d-orbitals, therefore it is more stable and reduction potential of Fe²⁺ is highest because it has t_2g orbitals which are half filled and more stable.

(i) Acidic flux: SiO₂ is acidic flux.
(ii) Basic flux: CaO is basic flux.

Rate law  is expression which gives relationship between rate of a reaction and conc. of reactants, e.g.
\(\frac { dx }{ dt } =k{ \left[ A \right] }^{ x }{ \left[ B \right] }^{ y }\)
Rate constant is equal to rate of reaction when conc. of reactants is equal to unity.'k' is rate constant in above expression.
(i) Zero order    
(ii) Second order.

(i) Methyl alcohol is easily oxidized to formaldehyde and then to formic acid which may cause blindness and death. 
(ii) Doctors give an intra venous infusion of diluted ethanol the enzyme responsible for oxidation of HCHO to acid is swamped allowing time for kidneys to excrete methanol. 
(iii) People should be educated not to drink cheap alcohol from unauthorized sources. It is not worth saving money when the life get endangered. If at all one has to drink, the stuff must be purchased from an authorized source.

(i) The polyhalogen compound for which Paul Muller was awarded the Nobel Prize is DDT. (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane). The structure of DOT is given below:
(ii) The use of DOT is banned in some countries because:
(a) it is toxic to aquatic life.
(b) it is not degraded rapidly by soil microorganisms due to its complex structure.
(c) it is not metabolized rapidly by animals and deposited in the fatty tissues.
(d) Because of its stability, it accumulates in food chain leading to biomagnification. 
(iii) Environmental protection and sensitivity towards life.

(i) The sleeping pills contain the chemical substances known as tranquillizers.
(ii) These help in accelerating the signal sending capacity of the neurotransmitters. 
(iii) The tranquillizers give relief from the stress and are also sleep inducing they help in controlling our blood pressure as well as anxiety. However, the frequent use of these is quite harmful.
(iv) Ignorant, careless about health.

(i) Chemical formula of ferric chloride is FeCI₃.
(ii) Fe³⁺ ions of FeCl₃ neutralize the charge on the colloidal particles of blood. This leads to coagulation of blood. Bleeding therefore, stopped.
(iii) This phenomenon is known as coagulation or flocculation.
(iv) All house wives must keep small bag or kit in their kitchen. It must have ferric chloride kept in small bottle or potash alum, burnol and bandages etc. Minor accidents are very common in kitchen. The kit can be very helpful to deal with emergency skill of applying knowledge, helping others, kindness, etc are the values associated with it.

(i) As isomer A reacts with AgNO₃ to give a white precipitate, CI must be present in the ionization sphere. As it does not react with BaCI₂, SO₄^2- must be present in coordination sphere.
Formula of A = [Co(NH₃)₅SO₄] CI (coordination no. of Co = 6) As reactions are reverse for isomer B, formula of B = [Co(NH₃)₅CI]S0₄
(ii) Ionization isomerism.
(iii) A = Pentaarnminesulphatocobalt (III) chloride ; B = Pentaamminechloridocobalt (ill) sulphate

(a) \((i)\ { 2F }_{ 2 }+2{ H }_{ 2 }O\longrightarrow { 4H }^{ + }(aq)+{ 4F }^{ - }(aq)+{ O }_{ 2 }(g)\)
\(\\ (ii)\ { Ca }_{ 3 }{ P }_{ 2 }+6{ H }_{ 2 }O\longrightarrow 3Ca(O{ H) }_{ 2 }+{ 2PH }_{ 3 }\)
\(\\ (iii)\ { 6XeF }_{ 4 }+12{ H }_{ 2 }O\longrightarrow 4Xe+{ 2XeO }_{ 3 }+24HF+{ 3O }_{ 2 }\)
(b) (i) 

(a) (i) It is sum of powers to which cone. terms are raised in rate law or rate equation.
(ii) Each step of complex reaction (which takes place in more than one step) is called elementary, step in a reaction.
\((b) \ k=0.00510 \ { min }^{ -1 }\)
\(t=\frac { 2.303 }{ k } \log { \frac { { \left[ R \right] }_{ 0 } }{ \left[ R \right] } }\)
\(3\times 60\times 60=\frac { 2.303 }{ 0.00510 } \log { \frac { 0.1 }{ \left[ R \right] } }\)
\(\log { \frac { 0.1 }{ \left[ R \right] } } =\frac { 10800\times 0.00510 }{ 2.303 } \)
\(=23.94\)
\(\frac { 0.1 }{ \left[ R \right] } =Antilog \ 23.94\)
\(\frac { 0.1 }{ \left[ R \right] } =8.71\times { 10 }^{ 23 }\)
\(\left[ R \right] =\frac { 0.1 }{ 8.71\times { 10 }^{ 23 } }\)
\(\left[ R \right] =0.1148\times { 10 }^{ -24 }\)
\(\left[ R \right] =1.148\times { 10 }^{ -25 }M\)

\(\text { Number of moles of acetic acid } =\frac{0.6 \mathrm{~mL} \times 1.06 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{~mL}^{-1}}{60 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{~mol}^{-1}} \\\)
\(=0.0106 \mathrm{~mol}=n\)
\(\text { Molality }=\frac{0.0106 \mathrm{~mol}}{1000 \mathrm{~mL} \times 1 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{~mL}^{-1}}=0.0106 \mathrm{~mol} \mathrm{~kg}^{-1}\)
\(\triangle\)T_f = 1.86 K kg mol^–1 x 0.0106 mol kg^–1 = 0.0197 K
\(\text { van't Hoff Factor }(i)=\frac{\text { Observed freezing point }}{\text { Calculated freezing point }}=\frac{0.0205 \mathrm{~K}}{0.0197 \mathrm{~K}}=1.041\)
Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte and will dissociate into two ions: acetate and hydrogen ions per molecule of acetic acid. If x is the degree of dissociation of acetic acid, then we would have n (1 – x) moles of undissociated acetic acid, nx moles of CH₃COO^– and nx moles of H⁺ ions,

Thus total moles of particles are: n(1 – x + x + x) = n(1 + x)
\(i=\frac{n(1+x)}{n}=1+x=1.041\)
Thus degree of dissociation of acetic acid = x = 1.041– 1.000 = 0.041
Then [CH₃COOH] = n(1 – x) = 0.0106 (1 – 0.041),
[CH₃COO^–] = nx = 0.0106 x 0.041, [H⁺] = nx = 0.0106 x 0.041.
\(\mathrm{K}_{\mathrm{a}}=\frac{\left[\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COO}^{-}\right]\left[\mathrm{H}^{+}\right]}{\left[\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}\right]}=\frac{0.0106 \times 0.041 \times 0.0106 \times 0.041}{0.0106(1.00-0.041)}\)
= 1.86 × 10^–5

(i) Catalyst/initiator of free radical
(ii) Hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid
(iii) Buna-S < Polystyrene < Terylene

(i) Disinfectants are the chemicals which kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms. For example; 1% solution of phenol.
(ii) Proteins, Nucleic acid
(iii) Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulfonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons. In anionic detergents, the anionic part of the molecule is involved in the cleansing action.

(i) Glycosidic linkage: The two monosaccharides units are joined together through an oxide linkage formed by loss of a molecule of H₂ O.
(ii) Invert sugar: Hydrolysis of sucrose brings about a change in a sign of rotation from dextro (+) to leavo (-) and the product is known as invert sugar.
(iii) Carbohydrates that yield two to ten monosaccharides units, on hydrolysis are called Polysaccharides. Examples are starch, cellulose, glycogen etc. 

(i) The black powder acts as a catalyst. The catalysts accelerate the speed of reactions without itself undergoing any permanent changes.
(ii) Black powder is manganese dioxide (MnO₂).
(iii) Black powder cannot be used for all decomposition reactions because catalysts are highly specific in nature. A catalyst which can catalyze one reaction may have no effect on another reaction even, if that reaction is very similar.
(iv) Glycerol slows down the decomposition of H₂O₂ and it is called negative.catalyst.

During SNIreaction, the ionization gives 2° carbocation which rearranges by a hydride shift to a more stable 3"-carbocation to form 3°-alcohol as:

The alumina is dissolved in molten cryolite and is electrolysed in an iron tank lined inside with carbon. The molten cryolite (Na₃AlF₆) decreases the melting point to about 1173 K and also increases the electrical conductivity. The process of electrolysis is carried in an iron tank having a lining of carbon, which acts as the cathode. The anode consists of a number of carbon rods which dip in the fused electrolyte. The electrolyte is covered with a layer of powdered coke. The overall reaction is                                 \(2{ Al }_{ 2 }{ O }_{ 3 }+3C\longrightarrow 4Al+{ 3CO }_{ 3 }\)
This process of electrolysis is called Hall Heroult process. During electrolysis the following reactions occur:
At cathode:
\({ Al }^{ 3+ }(melt)+{ 3e }^{ - }\longrightarrow Al(l)\) 
At anode:
\({ O }^{ 2- }(melt)\longrightarrow O++{ 2e }^{ - }\)  
\(\\ C(s)+O\longrightarrow CO(g)\) 
\(\\ CO(g)+O\longrightarrow { CO }_{ 2 }(g)\)
Therefore, aluminium is liberated at the cathode and gets collected at the bottom of tank, from where it is removed periodically. The oxygen evolved at the anode combines with the carbon of the anode to produce carbon monoxide. CO either burns to CO₂ or escapes out. In this method, for each kg of aluminium produced, about 0.5 kg of carbon anode is burnt
away. Because of the reaction of carbon anodes, these need to be replaced periodically.

 NH₃  has one lone pair of electrons which is available for donation. Therefore, it donates an electron pair to a proton to form \({ NH }_{ 4 }^{ + }\) ion and hence it acts as a Lewis base.
    

\(-{d[O_2]\over dt}={1\over2}{d[H_2O]\over dt}\)

1.5224 cm^-1,421.8 ohm^-1 cm² mol^-1

(i) 12.5%
(ii) 50%