When time and rate of a reaction is given then can use hit and trial method to find out the order; of reaction by substituting the values in different v integrated equation.
Using data, to find out the rate constant

Using hit and trial method,
For first order reaction, k=\(\frac { 2.303 }{ 300 } log\frac { (1.6\times { 10 }^{ -2 })molL^{ -1 } }{ (0.4\times { 10 }^{ 2 })molL^{ -1 } } \)
=\(\frac { 2.303 }{ 300 } log2=\frac { 2.303 }{ 300 } \times 0.3010\)
k = 2.31 x 10^-3 s^-1
similarly, k= \(\frac { 2.303 }{ 600 } log\frac { (1.6\times { 10 }^{ -2 })molL^{ -1 } }{ (0.4\times { 10 }^{ -2 })molL^{ -1 } } \)
k = 2.31 x 10^-3s^-1
Thus, it is proved that reaction proceed through first order kinetics as the rate constant remains same.
(b) Half-life (t_1/2)=0.693/k
\({ t }_{ 1/2 }=\frac { 0.693 }{ 2.31\times { 10 }^{ -3 } } { s }^{ -1 }\)
t_1/2=300s

(a) (i)

(ii) 
​​​​​
 

Density of water \(=1\ g\ mL^{ -1 }\)
Mass of 1000 mL of water = Volume\(\times \)Density
=1000\(\times \)1 = 1000 g
Moles of water \(\\ =\frac { 1000 }{ 18 } =55.5\)
\(\therefore \) 55.55 moles of \({ H }_{ 2 } O\) are present in 1000 mL or 1 L of water
 Molarity = 55.55 M. 

\({ { \wedge } }^{ o }\)= 359.9 S cm², \(\alpha\) = 0.278

(i) and (ii)
Eight isomers of C₄H₁₁N are
(a) \(\stackrel{4}{\mathrm{C}} \mathrm{H}_3-\stackrel{3}{\mathrm{C}} \mathrm{H}_2-\stackrel{2}{\mathrm{C}} \mathrm{H}_2-\stackrel{1}{\mathrm{C}} \mathrm{H}_2-\mathrm{NH}_2\)
                     Butan -1 -amine
                               (Primary)
(b)           CH₃
                    |
\(\stackrel{3}{CH}_3-{ }^2 \mathrm{CH}-\stackrel{1}{C} \mathrm{H}_2-\mathrm{NH}_2\)
            2-methyl propan -1-amine
                     (Primary)

(iii) Isomerism exhibited by different amines are:
(a) Chain isomers, i.e. have different carbon chains, (a) and (b), (c) and (d) (as discussed in part (i) and (ii)]
(b) Position isomers, i.e. functional group occupy different positions, (a) and (c), (b) and (d). 
(c) Metamers, i.e. different alkyl groups are attached to the same functional group, (e) and (f), (e) and (g).
(d) Functional isomers, i.e. they have different functional groups. All the three categories (1°, 2° and 3°) of amines are the functional isomers of each other.

Cr²⁺ has electronic configuration 3d⁴ Chromium also shows +3 and +6 oxidation states. Fe²⁺ has electronic configuration 3d⁶. Iron has oxidation states +2 and +3.

(i) It prevents certain sulphides like ZnS to enter the froth in presence of PbS, therefore, helps in their separation. Sodium cyanide is used as depressant in the separation of ZnS from PbS.
(ii) It acts as flux.
(iii) Graphite rods act as anode in the extraction of aluminium.

La(OH)3 is more basic than Lu(OH)3 As the size of the lanthanoid ions decreases from La3+ to Lu3+, the covalent character of the hydroxides increases (Fajan's rules). Hence, the basic strength decreases from La(OH)3 to Lu(OH)3.

\(\alpha \)-Amino acids form polypeptide chains in proteins.Their general structure is
\(\underset { \alpha -Amino\quad acid }{ R-\overset { * }{ CH } -COOH\\ \quad \quad |\\ \quad \quad { NH }_{ 2 } } \)

(i) sp³ , tetrahedral, paramagnetic
(ii) dsp², square planar, diamagnetic
(iii) d²sp³, octahedral, paramagnetic

Due to greater electronegativity of O than S, H₂O undergoes extensive intermolecular H-bonding. As a result, H₂O exists an associated molecule in which each O is tetrahedrally surrounded by four water molecules. Quite a larger amount of energy is required to break these H-bonds. Therefore, H₂O is a liquid at room temperature. In contrast, H₂S does not undergo H-bonding. It exists as discrete molecules which are held together by weak vander Waals forces of attraction. To break these forces of attraction, only a small amount of energy is required. Therefore, H₂S is a gas at room temperature.

Examples of heterogeneous catalysis: (i) Manufacture of ammonia by Haber's process using an iron catalyst.
\({ 3H }_{ 2 }+{ N }_{ 2 }\xrightarrow [ ]{ Fe } 2{ NH }_{ 3 }\)
(ii) Manufacturer of SO₃ from SO₂ in the Contact process using V₂ O₅ as a catalyst.
\(2{ SO }_{ 2 }+{ O }_{ 2 }\xrightarrow [ ]{ { V }_{ 2 }{ O }_{ 5 } } 2{ SO }_{ 3 }\)
(iii) Dehydrogenation of ethanol by Ni catalyst
\({ CH }_{ 3 }{ CH }_{ 2 }OH\xrightarrow [ ]{ Ni } { C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ NH }_{ 2 }+{ 2H }_{ 2 }O\)
(iv) Reduction of nitrobenzene in the presence of Ni as a catalyst.
\({ C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ NO }_{ 2 }(l)\xrightarrow [ ]{ Ni } { C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ NH }_{ 2 }+2{ H }_{ 2 }O\)

(a) Sliver wire at 20°C because with increase in temperature, metallic conduction decreases due to vibration of kernals.
(b) NaCl solution at 50°C because in case of a strong electrolyte with increase in temperature, the ionic mobilities increase.
(c) NH₄ OH at 50°C because in case of a weak electrolyte, dissociation increases with increase in temperature.
(d) 0.1 M acetic acid because with dilution, dissociation/ionisation increases.

On being heated, glass has the property to flow like lliquids as shown by greater thickness of the window panses at the bottom. Hence, it is called supercooled liquid.

(i) Desalination (i.e., removal of salts from sea water) by reverse osmosis.
(ii) From sea water container to fresh water container.
(iii) Cellulose acetate placed over a suitable suport.
(iv) To remove salts from sea water to obtain drinking water.

(i) Ferrites are magnetic material. 
(ii) They are used in telephones and memory loops in computers.

 

(b) C₂H₅NH₂ < (C₂H₅)₃N < (C₂H₅)₂NH
(c) Add CHCl₃ and alc. KOH, C₆H₅-NH₂ gives foul smell of isocyanide whereas C₆H₅-NH-CH₃ does not (or any other correct test).

(i) \({ CH }_{ 3 }COCI\overset { { H }_{ 2 },Pd-BaSO_{ 4 } }{ \longrightarrow } { CH }_{ 3 }CHO+HCI+\overset { { H }_{ 2 }N-OH }{ \longrightarrow } { CH }_{ 3 }-CH=N-OH+{ H }_{ 2 }O\)
                                            [A]                                              [B]
                                    Acetaldehyde                         Acetaldoxime
(ii) \({ CH }_{ 3 }MgBr\overset { 1.CO_{ 2 } }{ \underset { 2.H_{ 3 }O^{ + } }{ \longrightarrow } } { CH }_{ 3 }COOH\overset { PCI_{ 5 } }{ \longrightarrow } { CH }_{ 3 }COCI+HCI+POC{ I }_{ 3 }\)
                                      [A]                                 [B]
                            Acetic acid                        Acetyl chloride
(b) (i) C₆H₅being an aldehyde reduces Tollen's reagent to give shining silver mirror whereas C₆H₅COCH₃ being a ketone does not.
(ii) HCOOH gives silver mirror test with Tollen's reagent whereas ethanoic acid does not.
\(HCOOH+2[Ag(NH_{ 3 })_{ 2 }]^{ + }+2O{ H }^{ - }\longrightarrow 2Ag\downarrow +2{ H }_{ 2 }O+{ CO }_{ 2 }+4{ NH }_{ 3 }\)
                                               Silver mirror
\({ CH }_{ 3 }COOH\overset { Tollen's }{ \underset { reagent }{ \longrightarrow } } No\quad silver\quad mirror\)
(c) CH₃CHO3CH₂OH3COOH
(a) 

(b) C₆H₅COCH₃3-COCH₃3\-CHO
(c) Carboxylic acids do not give reactions of carbonyl groups as it enters into resonance with lone pair 0 of -COOH groups thereby making the carbon atoms less electrophilic. 
 (d) \({ CH }_{ 3 }{ CH }_{ 2 }CH=CH-{ CH }_{ 2 }CN\overset { 1.(i-Bu)_{ 2 }AIH }{ \underset { 2.{ H }_{ 2 }O }{ \longrightarrow } } { CH }_{ 3 }{ CH }_{ 2 }CH=CH-{ CH }_{ 2 }-\overset { \begin{matrix} O \\ \parallel \end{matrix} }{ C } -H\)
Hex-3-enenitrile                                                       Hex-3-enal
(e) \({ CH }_{ 3 }{ CH }_{ 2 }CHO+NaOH+{ I }_{ 2 }\longrightarrow No\quad Yellow\quad precipitate\)
        Propanal
          [A]
\({ CH }_{ 3 }-\overset { \begin{matrix} O \\ \parallel \end{matrix} }{ C } -{ CH }_{ 3 }+3NaOH+4{ I }_{ 2 }\overset { \triangle }{ \longrightarrow } { CHI }_{ 3 }+3NaI+{ CH }_{ 3 }COONa+3{ H }_{ 2 }O\)
Acetone                                                    Yellow
[B]                                                         precipitate

(i) Friendly, caring nature, supportive and has good awareness towards health. (Any two)
(ii) Antacids are the chemical substances which neutralize excess acid in the gastric juices and give relief from acid indigestion, heart bums, acidity and gastric ulcers. e.g., Histamine, Ranitidine, Cimetidine.
(iii) It is not advisable to take antacids for a long time as they control only symptoms and not the cause. Therefore, the patients cannot be treated easily and completely through them. The production of more acid They may also lead to.

(b) (i) Because of low bond dissociation enthalpy of H-Tebond.
(ii) Because of their strong electron affinity, they easily accept an electron to complete their octet.
(iii) Because N-N single bond is weaker than P-P single bond.

(i) Chemical formula of ferric chloride is FeCI₃.
(ii) Fe³⁺ ions of FeCl₃ neutralize the charge on the colloidal particles of blood. This leads to coagulation of blood. Bleeding therefore, stopped.
(iii) This phenomenon is known as coagulation or flocculation.
(iv) All house wives must keep small bag or kit in their kitchen. It must have ferric chloride kept in small bottle or potash alum, burnol and bandages etc. Minor accidents are very common in kitchen. The kit can be very helpful to deal with emergency skill of applying knowledge, helping others, kindness, etc are the values associated with it.

Only sulphide ores like ZnS, CuFeS₂, etc. are concentrated by froth floatation process

(i) Zinc (Z= 30, 1822822p6 3823p6 3d10 482)does not have partially filled d-subshell in its elementary state or in its commonly occurring oxidation state (Zn²⁺: 3dlO). Therefore, it is not regarded as a transition element.
(ii) Transition elements or the d-block elements from a large number of coordination complexes. The transition metal ions bind to a number of anions or neutral molecules in these complexes. The common examples are [Ni(NHJJ²⁺, [Co(NHJJ^3-, [Fe(CN)J³⁺,
[Fe(CN)J^4-, [Cu(NH3)4]²⁺e,etc. The high tendency of transition metal ions to form complexes is due to
(a) small size of the atoms and ions of transition metals
(b) high nuclear charge
(c) availability of vacant d-orbitals of suitable energy to accept lone pairs of electrons donated by other groups (called ligands).
(iii) Mn²⁺ has 3^d5 electronic configuration. It is stable because of the half-filled configuration of d-subshell. Therefore, Mn has very high third ionization enthalpy for the change from d5 to d4 and it is responsible for much more positive E^ovalue for Mn³⁺/Mn²⁺couple in comparison to Cr3⁺/Cr²⁺couple

During osazone formation, the reaction occurs only at CI and C2 while rest of the molecule remains intact. Since glucose and fructose differ from each other only in the arrangement of atoms at CI and C2, therefore, they. give the same osazone.

When white light falls on the complex, some part of it is absorbed.  Greater the CFSE, greater is the energy absorbed or shorter is the wavelength absorbed \((E={hc\over\lambda })\).  The observed colour is the complementary colour of the colour absorbed.

tert-Alkyl halides prefer to undergo dehydrohalogenation in presence of a strong base such as Na metal instead of undergoing Wurtz reaction as explained below:
\(\underset{tert-Butyl\ bromide}{(CH_3)_3C-Br}+2Na\longrightarrow\underset{tert-Butylsodium}{(CH_3)_3Na^+}+Na^+Br^-\)
Thus, only rand 2° alkyl halides undergo Wurtz reaction while 3° alkyl halides prefer to undergo dehydrohalogenation to form alkenes.