(a) It produces inactive pro-toxin in the host cell/produces proteins to control cotton bollworms.
(b) It produces dsRNA which silences host m-RNNceliular defence mechanism/prevents infestation by nematodes.

(i) Mitochondrial codons
(ii) Some protozoans
Since some amino acids are coded by more than one codon hence it is called as degenerate.

In the given pedigree of a family, a normal female is crossed with a haemophilic male. The offspring generated are carrier females as haemophilia is an X-linked disease and female has two X chromosomes. These carrier females when crossed with normal males produced carrier females and haemephilic males.

Analogous, sweet potato-root modification, potato tubers - stem modification. I'hey are structurally different but both are functionally similar, as they both store food.

(i)The graph depicts disruptive natural selection.This type of selection tends to eliminate intermediate types.
(ii)The other two types of natural selection are :
(a)Directional selection Large number of individuals acquire value other than mean character value.
(b)Stabilising selection Large number of individuals acquire mean character value.

(i) Acrosome It contains hydrolytic enzymes required to dissolve the membranes of the ovum for fertilisation.
(ii) Sperm tail It helps in the movement of sperm in the female genital tract for fertilisation.

The autosomal traits in which the dominant expression depends on the sex only, but not in both through they are present in both the sexes.such are called sex limited characters.

The existence of analogous organs can be explained on the concept of evolution. These organs have developed in the course of evolution as adaptation of different organisms to a similar mode of life.

During RNA processing
(i)unwanted nucleotides are removed
(ii)useful regions are rejoined
(iii)certain nucleotides are added
(iv)some nucleotides are modified, and
(v)folding of molecule

Yes. One can use antibody against the enzyme (that is responsible for the metabolism of phenylalanine) to develop ELISA based diagnostic technique. The patient where the enzyme protein is absent would give negative result in ELISA when compared to normal individual.

1) Wrong fitting of electrodes.
2) Non - use of UV = radiations.
3) Inadvert contamination with nuclease
4) Wrong fitting of electrodes.

1. Amino acids were found.
2. Miller created in a laboratory scale the conditions similar to the primitive earth
3. Electric discharge using electrodes was created in a closed flask containing  \(CH_{ 4 },NH_{ 3 },H_{ 2 }\) and water vapour at \(800^{ \circ }C\)
4. The production of organic compounds supported the chemical evolution that preceded the formation of life on earth.

(i) Microinjection
(ii) Biolistics/ gene gun
(iii) Heat-Shock method
(iv) Using  disarmed pathogen vectors.

(a) The recombinant/transformant can be selected out from the non-recombinants/non-transformants by plating the transformants on ampicillin containing medium.
1. The transformants will grow in it, while the non-transformants will not grow.
(b) It acts as a selectable marker.

A hereditary disease can be corrected by gene therapy, which is a collection of methods that allows correction or replacement of a defective gene.
Correction of a genetic defect involves the delivery of a normal gene in the individual at the embryonic stage; this is to make the delivered/introduced  gene to take the function of the defective, gene.
ADA-deficiency has been corrected by gene therapy.

(a) Hearts of humans and monkeys.
(c) Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbits.
These are homologous structures as they have similar anatomical structures, but perform different functions.

In the absence of fertilisation, the corpus luteum degenerates.
It causes dis integration of the endometrium of uterus, leading to menstruation

1. Since geitonogamy involves two different flowers of the same plant, it is genetically similar to autogamy; both autogamy and geitonogamy do not result in genetic variation in the progeny.
2. Geitonogamy and cross-pollination involve different flowers and a pollinating agent.

Frequency of allele B = all BB + \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) of Bb.
\(=36+\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \times 48\)
= 36 + 24
= 60%
Frequency of allele b = all bb + \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \)Bb
\(=16+\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \times 48\)
= 16 +24
= 40%

(a) Hardy-Weinberg principle states that the total genes and their allels in a population the gene pool remains constant i.e., Allelic frequencies in a population are stable and constant from generation to generation. Gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination, natural selection.
(b)

(a) Parthenocarpy: The formation of fruit without the act of fertilization is called parthenocarpy and the fruits so developed are called as parthenocarpic fruits. These fruits are seedless. e.g., banana. While apomixis is a special type of sexual reproduction which does not involve meiosis and syngamy. In fact it is a form of asexual reproduction that mimics the sexual reproduction in which the seeds are produced without fertilization
(b) Apomictic seeds can be produced by any of the following methods.
(i) Apospory: It is the formation of diploid embryo sac directly from a cell of nucellus
(ii) Diplospory or generative apospory: It is the formation of diploid embryo sac from the megaspore mother cell without meiosis.
The diploid egg of the diploid embryo sac develops into embryo without syngamy i.e., parthenogenetically.
Apogamy : The synergids or antipodals of the diploid embryo sac may develop into embryo parthenogenetically.

Fruit is a ripened ovary whereas seed develops from ovule. Mango is a true fruit because it develops only from the ovary of the flower. Apple is a false fruit because here in this case along with ovary, thalamus of flower also takes part in the formation of fruit. Banana is a seedless fruit as it develop without the stimulus of pollination and fertilization. Such fruits are also called as parthenocarpic fruits.

(a) Rupture of Graafian follicleleads to ovulation! release of ovum.
(b) Estrogen level islow.
(c) Disintegtation of endometrium and menstrual cycle begins again.

(i) Oral pills contain hormones such as progestron and estrogen.Oral administration of small doses of either progestron or progesterone-estrogen combinations is another contraceptive method used by the females.They are used in the form of tablets and hence are popularly called the 'pills'.
Functions. 
1. They inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/retard entry of sperms.
2. Pills are very effective with lesser side effects and are well accepted by the females.
Advantages of Saheli. 'Saheli', the new oral contraceptive for the female contains a non-steroidal preparation called  'centchroman'. It is a 'once a week' pill with very few side effects and high contraceptive value.
(ii) Schedule. Pills have to be taken daily for a period of 21 days starting preferably within the first five days of menstrual cycle. After a gap of 7 days (during which menstruation occurs) it has to be repeated in the same pattern till the desired period on contraception.

Tubectomy is the sterilisation procedure in females involving ligation of fallopian tube.

(a) Albuminous seed-Castor, Coconut 
Non-albuminous seed-Pea, groundnut.
(b) (i) Nucellus
(ii) Integuments
(iii) Primary endosperm cell 
(iv) Zygote.

(i) Antibiotics are the chemicals produced by bacteria which hinder growth of other microbes.
(ii) Indiscriminate and overuse of antibiotics are possible reasons for development of resistance in bacteria to antibiotics.
(iii) DNA fingerprinting is used to identify the antibiotic for which bacterium is resistant. This technique helps in selection of the right antibiotic for treatment.

(i) A sudden increase in population in the recent past is due to decrease in death rate and increased longevity as a result of recent advances in medical science.
(ii) As resources are limited, it will not be possible to provide food, shelter, education, medical facilities and other public facilities to all our citizens.
(iii) We should popularise the advantage of small family and method of birth control.

DNA-Fingerprinting
The steps/procedure in DNA-fingerprinting include the following.
(i) Extraction. DNA is extracted from the cells in a high-speed, refrigerated centrifuge. 
(ii) Amplification. Many copies of the extracted DNA are made by polymerase chain reaction.
(iii) Restriction Digestion. DNA is cut into fragments with restriction enzymes into precise reproducible sequences.
(iv) Separation of DNA sequences restriction fragments. The cut DNA fragments are introduced and passed through electrophoresis set-up containing agarose polymer gel; the separated fragments can be visualised by staining them with a dye that shows fluorescence under ultraviolet radiation.
(v) Southern Blotting. The separated DNA sequences are transferred on to a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane.
(vi) Hybridisation. The nylon membrane is immersed in a bath and radioactive probes (DNA segments of known sequence) are added; these probes target a specific nucleotide sequence that is complementary to them.
(vii) Autoradiography. The nylon membrane is pressed on an X-ray film and dark bands develop at the probe sites.
The bands form a characteristic pattern, which varies from individual to individual.

The bacterium Bacillus thurinqiensis produces proteins, called Bt toxins, which kill the larvae of some insects.
The Bt toxin gene has been isolated and cloned in bacteria.
Such genes are introduced into crop plants, which could be expressed in plants to provide resistance to the insects, i.e. they function as biopesticides; so there is no need for insecticides.
Bt toxins are insect group-specific and coded by cry genes; the proteins encoded by genes crylAc and cryllAb control cotton bollworms while crylAb controls corn borer.
When the insect larvae ingest any plant part, the toxin becomes active in the alkaline pH of the gut and kills  the insect pest. So such plants are resistant to pests.

(b) Morula is formed in the isthmus of the oviduct/fallopian tube.
The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions in quick succession,called cleavage,forming 2,4,8 and 16 daughter cells,called blastomeres.
The embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is called a morula.

(a) Syngamy
Syngamy refers to the fusion of a male gamete with the female gamete in the embryo sac to form a diploid zygote.
Triple fusion
Triple fusion refers to the fusion of a male gamete with the secondary nucleus (formed by fusion of two haploid polar nuclei) to form the triploid primary endosperm nucleus.
(b) Embryo development
Th'e zygote undergoes mitotic divisions during embryogeny.
The first division is transverse and results in a basal cell and a terminal cell; the basal cell forms the suspensor while the terminal cell forms the embryo proper.
It first, forms a filamentous proembryo, which later forms in sequence a globular embryo, heart-shaped embryo and then a mature embryo.