Transgenic mice are used for testing the safety of vaccines.
The trials are going on for polio vaccine.

Pro-hormon bears extra peptide known as C-peptide. During maturity C-peptide is removed and pro-insulin forms insulin.

(i) Viruses having RNA genomes.
(ii) Mobiles genetic elements (transposons).

CAD protein gene, gene encoding for luciferase and gene encoding for thymidine kinase

Gene Library. Several clones of cells each containing one of a few foreign genes are finally obtained, representing almost all the genes of an organism, it is termed gene library of that organism. From that gene library it is possible to identify a clone containing gene of interest. In order to obtain gene library of an organism, its genome is first cut into smaller DNAfragments containing one or a few genes and such fragments can be cloned in cell where such a cell multiplies to form a group of cells, all cells have same foreign DNA and are termed clone

Gene therapy would be a better option because it has the potential to completely cure the patient.

The lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are grown in culture in vitro.
A functional ADA cDNA is introduced into lymphocytes using a retroviral vector.
The lymphocytes are introduced back into the blood of the patient.
But a patient requires periodic infusion of such genetically-engineered lymphocytes, as lymphocytes have a life span.
If the functional gene (producing ADA) isolated from marrow cells is introduced into the cells of early embryonic stages, it could be a permanent cure.

Biopiracy refers to the unauthorised use of bioresources and traditional knowledge related to bioresources for commercial benefit by certain organisations, without proper consent from the concerned nation or authority.
Nations must develop laws to prevent unauthorised exploitation of their bioresources and traditional knowledge.

A single-stranded DNA or RNA is tagged with a radioactive molecule and used as a probe.
It is allowed to hybridise with its complementary DNA in a clone of cells, followed by detection using autoradiography.
The clone having the mutant gene will not appear on the photographic film, because the probe will not be complementary with the mutated gene.

Rosie is the first transgenic cow.
The milk contained human protein, \(\alpha\) -lactalbumin (2.4 g per litre) which is nutritionally important for human babies.

(i) E. coli
(ii) Eli Lilly (an American company)
(iii) Diabetes
(iv) The doctor is responsible, caring and honest towards his duty.

(i) Sakshi's father explained the harmful effects of agrochemicals on the health, environment and the fields.
(ii) Agrochemical is a term used to refer to the various chemical products used in agriculture such as fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides.
(iii) Biofertilisers or biopesticides are preferred because they are cost effective, environment friendly and provide better nourishment to plants.
(iv) Health awareness, ecofriendly nature careful and vigilant attitude.

(i) BT cotton is genetically modified cotton.
(ii) It has been developed by introducing BT toxin gene to the cotton plant from a bacterium which is resistant to bollworms.
(iii) Grandfather was concerned about the well being of his friend and advised him to grow genetically modified, disease resistant variety od frop.

(i) Options to increase food supply:
Agro-chemical based agriculture, using chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
Organic agriculture, using biofertilizers, biopesticides, vermi composting, etc.
Genetically-engineered (GM) crops based agriculture.
(ii) The success of Green Revolution was due to Use of improved/hybrid crop varieties  Better management practices.
Use of agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilisers).
(iii) We still search for other methods for the following reasons:
The agrochemicals cause pollution of soil and water and reduce the yield in the long run; they are too expensive for the farmers. Further increase in the yield of the existing varieties by conventional breeding is not possible.