(i) The diagram is proinsulin as it contains C-peptide.
(ii) Mature insulin is synthesised by removal of extra stretch called C-peptide.

The given bioreactor shown in the figure is the simple stirred-tank type bioreactor.
Its purpose is large scale production of recombinant protein or enzymes, using microbial plants, animals and human cells.

Which are active at dusk and dawn (rabbit).

The earth is considered as a closed system so far as materials are considered because there is cycling of materials from non-living to living, which are essential for life such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, water and minerals is finite.

Calcium phosphate precipitation, direct microinjection, Retrovirus infection, lipofection, particle gun delivery and electroporation

(a) Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express (foreign) gene are called transgenic animals.
Example: Transgenic mice, transgenic rabbits.
(b) (i) Role of transgenic animals in vaccine safety,Transgenic mice are being developed for use in testing the safety of vaccine before they are used on humans. Transgenic mice are being used to test the safety of polio vaccine.
(ii) Role of transgenic animals in biological products
 In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein enriched milk 2.4 gm per litre. The milk contained the human alpha-lactalbumin and was more balanced product for human babies.

The proteins produced by the expression of recombinant DNA in the transgenic organism are called recombinant proteins. Bioreactors help in the production of recombinant proteins as
(i) Large volumes of culture can be processed in them to produce appreciable quantities of the product.
(ii) They provide optimum conditions of temperature, pH, oxygen, salts, substrate, etc., to achieve the desired product.

(a)The recombinants can be differentiated from the non-recombinants by their inability to produce colour in the presence of a chromogenic substrate.
The recombinants do not produce any colour, while the non-recombinants produce a blue colour with the chromogenic substrate in the medium.
(b) Since, the insert inactivates the enzyme, a-galactosidase, this method is called insertional inactivation.

Ecological pyramids are diagrammatic illustrations of connection between different trophic levels in terms of energy, biomass and number of organisms.
Pyramids of biomass can be both upright and inverted. This can be understood from the examples given below:
(i) The pyramid of biomass in a pond ecosystem is inverted. Because, the sum total of the weight of phytoplankton (produce) is far less than a few fishes feeding on them, at higher tropic levels.

(ii) Pyramid of biomass in a forest ecosystem is upright because producers are more in biomass than primary consumers.Primary consumers are more than secondary consumers and secondary consumers are more than tertiary consumers (top). Pyramid of energy is never inverted, (i.e. it is always upright).Because, when energy flows from a particular trophic level to the next trophic level, some energy is always lost as heat at each step. Each bar in the energy pyramid indicates the amount of energy present at each trophic level in a given time.

(i) Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra foreign gene are known as transgenic animals.
(ii) No, each cow would produce only a limited amount of medicinal milk before it dies. This means lives of many cows would be compromised for the production of substantial amount of medicinal milk, for the advantage of humans.
(iii) Some laws have been passed by the Government and agencies monitoring the genetic engineering researches to maintain ethics of life, and to regulate such acts.
(iv) Sympathy towards animals, ethics, respect for living organisms.

Plants require sunlight for photosynthesis. Therefore, light is an important factor that affects the distribution of plants, e.g.,
(i) Many species of small plants (herbs and shrubs) growing in forests are adapted to photosynthesis optimally under very low light conditions so they are seen distributed in shady areas under tall, canopied trees.
(ii) Many plants in the shade will grow vertically to gain access to light. These plants will appear to have maller4 leafs than others of the same species of the same age found in conditions with better sunlight.
(iii) Large sized trees will be present in areas that get abundant sunlight.
(iv) Plants dependent on sunlight to meet their photoperiodic requirements of flowering, will try to be distributed in area where this requirement is being met for their reproductive success.

Genetic engineering is a manipulation of genetic material in vitro. It involves the techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA), to introduce the host organisms and thereby change the phenotype of the host organism.
Steps of rDNA technology are:
(i) Isolation of DNA.
(ii) Fragmentation of DNA by restriction endonucleases.
(iii) Isolation of the desired DNA fragments.
(iv) Amplification of the gene of interest.
(v) Ligation of the DNA fragment into the victor using DNA ligase.
(vi) Transfer of the recombinant DNA into the host.
(vii) Culturing the host cell on a suitable medium on a large scale.
(viii) Extraction of the desired product.
(ix) Downstream processing of the products as finished products.

(i) It is the technique of growing cell, tissue, organ or whole plant under controlled conditions.
(ii) Micropropagation is the technique of producing a large number of identical plants from small explant within a short period using tissue culture technique.
(iii) His uncle, being a Botanist, guided his nephew to adopt modern biotechnology techniques so that he could earn handsome profits.

(a) Engineered vectors are preferred because they help easy linking of foreign DNA and selection of recombinants from non-recombinants.
(b) Ori
It is a sequence of bases on DNA from where replication starts; any piece of DNA when linked to this sequence can be made to replicate within the host cells. This sequence also controls the copy number of linked DNA. 
Selectable marker 
The selectable marker helps in identifying and eliminating non-transformants or non-recombinants and permits selectively the growth of only recombinants.
Cloning sites
Cloning sites are necessary to link the alien DNA. Single recognition sites are commonly preferred.
When an alien DNA is introduced into the coding sequence of an enzyme or an antibiotic resistance, there is insertional inactivation; the enzyme is inactivated or the antibiotic resistance is lost and hence, recombinants can be selected from the non-recombinants.

(i) (a) Species  A group of specific organisms with similar characteristics which are capable of compatible interbreeding to produce fertile offsprings
(b) Niche The way in which an organism functions in relation to the biotic and abiotic factors within its habitat that serves a purpose in its environment.
(ii) Increased selection pressure due to climatic or habitat change cause organisms to become specialised and have the optimum phenotype that is suited to the prevailing environment condition.
In the primary radiation, the six closely related species evolved as a result of the increasing water levels when the lake first filled. This change in the environment exerted a selection pressure on their river dwelling ancestors to adapt by developing different characteristics for survival, thus giving rise to the six species that could occupy more niches.

(i) Recombinant DNA Technology (RDT)
(ii) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
(iii) Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Potential applications of genetically modified plants are:
(i) nutritional enhancement, e.g vitamin-A enriched rice.
(ii) Stress tolerance crops are more toleeant to abiotic stresses such as cold, drought, etc.
(iii) Creation of tailor made plants by using GM plants to supply alternative resources to industries in the form of starches, biofuels, etc.

(i) A - Denaturation process
(ii) B - Primers
(iii) C - Taq DNA polymerase. Taq polymerase is a thermostable enzyme, which remains active during the high temperature and incduces denaturation of DNA

Transgenic animals contain functional foreign genes introduced into their genome from another species by the technique of genetic engineering. Many of such transgenics are designed to increase understanding and study of how genes contribute to the development of disease. These laboratory exercises are specially made to serve as models for human diseases so that preventive measures and treatments for such diseases are made possible.

a = 5'- G-G-A-T-C-C-3',    
b = Escherichia coli RY 13,    
c = Hin d II
3'-C-C-T-A-G-G-5'

(a) A - Expanding, B - Stable, C- Declining.
(b) Stable population is preferred. It is helpful for planning any welfare activity.
(c) Logistic growth curve.