Gynoecium of a flower is called apocarpous when the carpels are free, e.g. in Ranunculus
Whereas it is called syncarpous when the carpels are fused, e.g. in Petunia.

Amendments to the patent bill has empowered India to prevent unauthorised exploitation of our bio-resources and traditional knowledge by other countries This bill also considers patent terms and mitiates research development in this field.

Restriction endonuclease enzymes are called molecular scissors which can cut double stranded DNA at specific sites.
Role of restriction endonuclease.
1. Restriction endonuclease inspects the length of DNA sequence.
2. It find specific recognition sequence i.e. Palindromic nucleotide sequence in DNA.
3. These enzymes cut the strand of DNA a little away from centre of palindromic sites.
4. Thus restriction endonucleases leave overhanging stretches called sticky ends on each strand.

Basic features of sexual reproduction
(1) Development of male and female organs.
(2) Meiosis occurs in the life cycle.
(3) production of large number of male and female gametes.
(4) Mobility of male gametes.
(5) The two types of gametes fuse together to produce a diploid structure called zygote.
(6) Zygote produces embryo by different changes.
(7) Only the mature individuals can produce the gametes.

The key tools include restriction enzymes, polymerases, ligases, cloning vectors and competent host organism.

1. The rate of decomposition is regulated by temperature and soil moisture, as they influence the activities of decomposers.
2. The trophic have a warm/hot and humid condition; such a condition is favourable for the decomposers and hence they speed up the process of decomposition.

(i) Microspore mother cell - diploid , 2n=16
(ii) Endsperm cells - triploid, 3n=24.

Ovulation is the process of rupture of a mature Graafian follicle and the subsequent release of ovum from it.
It occurs around the 14th day/middle of the menatrual cycle.

1. Myometrium is the muscular layer and endometrium is the glandular layer.
2. Endometium undergoes cyclic changes during menstrual cycle.
3. Progesterone is the hormone.

1. It is a case of polyembryony, the phenomenon of occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed.
2. It is possible in the following ways:
(i) Some of the nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac start dividing, protrude into the embryos.
(ii) Synergids of the embryo sac divide and form embryos.

Menarche represents the beginning of menstrual cycle which is an indication of attainment of sexual maturity.It usually occurs at the age of 12-15 years.Menopause, on the other hand, refers to the cessation of menstruation, which in turn means stoppage of gamete production i.e., it marks the end of reproductive fertile life of the female.It occurs between 45 to 55 years.Menopause, on the other hand, refers to the cessation of menstruation, which in turn means stoppage of gamete production i.e., it marks the end of reproductive fertile life of the female.It occurs between 45 to 55 years of age. 

Role of tapetum in the pollen grain wall formation
During microsporogenesis, the cells of tapetum provide various enzymes, hormones, amino acids and other nutritive materials to the dividing microsporocytes. The main functions of tapetum are:
1. Transportation of nutrients into anther locule at the time of meiosis in spore mother cells.
2. Secretion of enzymes and hormones.
3. Production of Ubisch bodies which are coated with sporopollenin to cause thickening of exine.
4. Secretion of any oily material (pollen kit) over outerside of mature pollen.
5. Secretion of special proteins for pollen to recognise compatibility.

The first letter of the name comes from the genus of the bacterium.
The second and third letters come from the name of the species of the prokaryote cell from where it is isolated.
The next letter comes from the strain of the prokaryote.
The Roman Numbers following these four letters indicate the order in which the enzymes were isolated from that strain of the bacterium, e.g. EcoRI is isolated from E. coli, R Y 13.

(i) The DNA fragments may be used to construct recombinant DNA by joining them with cloning vectors .
(ii) The desired DNA fragments may be amplified, i.e. making multiple copies, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Humus is a dark-coloured, amorphous substance accumulated by the process of humification during decomposition of detritus.
Properties:
(i) It is highly resistant to microbial action and undergoes decomposition at an extremely slow rate.
(ii) Being colloidal in nature ,it serves as a reservoir of nutrient.
(iii) It improves the water-holding capacity of soil.

Plasmid is an autonomously replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA found in bacterial cells.
Since it can replicate within a bacterial cell, it is used as a vector in rDNA technology. Production of Insulin:
Eli Lilly, the American company produced two DNA sequences in vitro coding for the polypeptides A and B of insulin.
These DNA sequences were introduced into the plasmid of Escherichia coli.
The E. coli cells produced the two polypeptides, which were isolated and combined by disulphide bridges to form human insulin.

Vallisneria is pollinated by water.
Water lily is pollinated by insects.
In Vallisneria, the male flowers (later pollen grains) are released on the surface of water and keep floating.
The female flowers reach the surface of water by uncoiling of the long stalk
When the passively carried male flowers/pollen grains meet the female flowers, pollination is effected.
The stalk of the female flower coils and the flower is drawn inside the water column.

Yeast reproduces asexually by budding under favourable conditions.

(i) A balanced diet and regular exercise.
(ii) It regulates sugar level in the blood.
(iii) Biotechnology is helpful by producing genetically engineered bacteria which are capable of producing insulin in culture.It will cater to the demand of needy people.

(i) Yes, by using grafting technique he can grow any variety of mango on the already existing trees.
(ii) Artificial method can also be used for commerecial production of roses.
(iii) This technique can also be used for commercial production of roses.
(iv) Dadaji's friend improved the varieties of mangoes by using grafting techniques .

(a) Removal of all producer reduce primary production in the ecosystem. Hence, no biomass will be available to the successive/higher trophic level or heterotrophic organisms.
(b) Elimination of all organisms of herbivore level results into an increase in primary productivity and biomass of producer and the carnivorous animal will not survive due to inavailability of food due to the elimination of herbivores.
(c) Removal of top carnivores also disturbs the ecosystem as it will result in huge increase in a number of herbivores which will finish plants creating desertification.

(a)

A typical microsporangium is surrounded by four wall layers, i.e. the epidermis, endothecium, middle layers and the tapetum. The outer three wall layers are protective in function and help in dehiscence of anther to release pollen grains.
The innermost layer (tapetum) nourishes the developing microspores or pollen grains. The cells of tapetum possess dense cytoplasm and generally have more than one nucleus.

When the anther is young, a group of compactly arranged homogenous cells called the sporogenous tissue occupies the centre of each microsporangium.

Gene therapy is a collection of methods, that allows correction or replacement of a defective gene.
Correction of a genetic defect involves delivery of a normal gene into the individual's embryo to take over the function of the non-functional gene.
ADA (Adenosine deaminase) deficiency was treated in a 4 year old girl.
This disorder is caused by the deletion of the gene for the enzyme.
The lymphocytes from the blood of the patient are grown in a culture in vitro.
A functional ADA cDNA (using retroviral vector) is introduced into lymphocytes; such lymphocytes are introduced back into the blood of the patient.
But the patient requires periodic infusion of such genetically-engineered lymphocytes.
 If the gene isolated from marrow cells is introduced in cells in the early stage, it could be a permanent cure.