Effluent from the primary settling tank passed into aeration tank, agitated mechanically and air is pumped into it, vigorous growth of aerobic microbes into flocs, microbes consume major part of the organic matter in effluent.

(i) Cyclosporin-A is obtained from the fungus Trichoderma polysporum
(ii) Statins are obtained from yeast, Monascus purpureus.

(i) Several cows (upto 3000) can be inseminated by the semen of a single good male.
(ii) Ensures progeny of good quality.
(iii) Avoids the transportation of animals.
(iv) Sperms can be stored for long period at freezing temperature.

The collection of all the diverse alleles of all the genes of a crop plant is called germplasm collection. It is of great benefit in plant breeding programmes as it offers the breeders the entire genes and alleles and the characteristics which they express. The breeder selects the most favourable characters of a particular gene and manipulates its transfer to a desirable parent.

The cellular barrier includes:
(i) Polymorpho nuclear leukocytes (PMNL).
(ii) Monocytes.
(iii) Natural killer type of lymphocytes.
(iv) Macrophages.

The objectives of biofortification are to improve/increase:
(i) protein content and quality
(ii) oil content and quality
(iii) vitamin content
(iv)micronutrient and mineral content.

Smack is obtained from Papaver somniferum. It affects the Central Nervous System (CNS) and gastrointestinal system. It slows down the body functions. It acts as a depressant.

1. Ganga action plan was initiated by the ministry of environment and forest in order to save the holy river Ganga from pollution. Under this plan it has been proposed to build a large of sewage treatment plant so that only the treated sewage is discharged
into the river.
2. Industries may release their effluents and waste only after their proper treatment.

Artificial insemination is a method of improvement in animals by using controlled breeding methods. During this process, the semen collected from the selected superior quality male parent is injected into the reproductive tract of selected female parent by the breeder.
Breeding of dairy animals by the artificial insemination methods is useful in following two ways:
(i) The bull of superior quality can be made to inseminate with many cows so, as to produce a large number of offsprings with desired traits.
(ii) The offspring produced by artificial insemination have higher yield as compared to the normal offspring.

1. Certain bacteria which grow anaerobically on cellulosic material, produce large amounts of methane along with CO₂ and H₂. These bacteria are called methanogens (one of the common bacterium is Methanobacterium). 
2. Methanogens are commonly found in the anaerobic sludge during sewage treatment and are also present in the rumen (a part of stomach) of cattle.
3. In rumen, methanogens help in the breakdown of cellulose and their excreta called gobar, is rich in these bacteria.  Therefore, dung can be used to produce biogas commonly called as gobar gas.

A. Aspergillus niger
B. Rhizopus oryzae
C. Aspergillus niger, Citromyces pfefferiaur
D. Penicillium prupurogenum.

The method of breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals or higher protein and healthier fats is called biofortification. It is one the most important method for improving public health. During recent past, many varieties of crop plants such as rice, carrots, spinach, pumpkin, bathua have been developed which possess several times more nutritive value and vitamins as compared to existing varieties.

a - Antigen binding site
b - Light chain
c - Heavy chain
(i) They are chemically proteins
(ii) B-Iymphocytes
(iii) Humoral immune response

Biogas is a mixture of gases (methane 60%, CO₂ 40%, traces of hydrogen and several other gases) produced by the microbial activity and may be used as fuel.

(i) Histamines cause reactions of the immune system against allergens.
(ii) Interferons protect the non-infected cells of our body from viral infections.
(iii) B-cells produce antibodies against antigens/pathogens.

1. Life cycle of Plasmodium in human body.
2. When an infected female Anopheles mosquito bites a person,the sporozoites are injected into the body.
3. They reach the liver cells through blood.
4. The parasite reproduces asexually in the liver cells and by the bursting of liver cells,new cells are released into the blood.
5. They enter the red blood cells (RBCs) and reproduce asexually;by bursting the red blood cells,the cells of the parasite release haemozoin,which causes the cycles of fever,chill and shivering.
6. The released parasite cells infect new red blood cells;some continue the asexual reproduction and cause the cycles of fever.
7. Others enter the sexual stage and form gametocytes in the RBCs,which are picked by the Anopheles mosquito, along with the blood meal.

(a) Multiple ovulation Embryo Transfer , (MOET) technology
(b) Steps in MOET technology:
1. A cow is administered hormones with FSH-like activity to induce follicular maturation and superovulation, i.e. instead of one egg, 6-8 eggs are produced per cycle.
2. The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
3. The fertilised eggs are recovered at the 8-32 celled stages, nonsurgically.
4. They are then transferred to surrogate mothers.
5. The genetic mother is available for and her round of superovulation.

Advantages:
Inbreeding: It is used to evolve purelines in animals. 
Outbreeding: These methods are used for improving the yield of animals and also to produce new breeds.
Disadvantages:
Inbreeding: Continuous inbreeding leads to inbreeding depression and reduction in productivity.
Outbreeding: The success rate may below and the desired combinations of characters may appear in low frequency.

Curd is produced by Lactobacillus and other lactic acid bacteria(LAB), which grow in milk and convert it into curd.
(i) LAB produce acids that coagulate and partially digest the milk and protein.
(ii) LAB also increase the nutritional quality of curd by increasing the content of vitamin B12.
2. The dough used for making Idli and dosa, is fermented by bacteria. The puffed up appearence is due to the CO2 produced during fermentation.
3. The dough used for making bread is fermented by saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly called bakers yeast.
4. Toddy is produced by fermenting coconut water.
5. Microbes are used to ferment fish, bamboo shoots and soyabean to produce food items.
6. Cheese differs in texture, flavor and taste, depending on microbe used for fermentation and ripening.

1. The immediate effects of drug/alcohol abuse are manifested as reckless behavior, vandalism, and violence.
2. Other symptoms include loss of weight, sterility, and loss of interest in work.
3. Secondary infections like AIDS, hepatitis and STDs are possible through use of contaminated needles/syringes to inject drugs.
4. Alcohol affects the liver.
5. Central nervous system is affected by alcohol as well as drugs.

(a) Plant breeding is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired plant types that are suited for cultivation, give better yield and are disease-resistant.
The two steps in classical plant breeding are:
(i) Crossing or hybridisation of purelines.
(ii) Artificial selection of plants with desirable traits.
(b) Mutation breeding involves inducing mutations artificially and selecting and using the plants that have the' desirable characters for further breeding.
e.g. Resistance to yellow mosaic in mung bean.
Resistance to powdery mildew in mung bean. (anyone)
(c) Through biofortification, some common food plants have been enriched with those micronutrients, which used to be deficient in them.