Evidence of Evolution
Scientists study fossils, anatomy and molecular data to understand evolutionary relationships between organisms.
1. What are fossils?
2. What type of structures indicate common ancestry?
3. Give one example of such structures in vertebrates. 

Female Reproductive System
The female reproductive system includes ovaries, oviducts, uterus and vagina.
1. Where are ova produced?
2. What is the site of fertilisation in humans?
3. Which organ supports embryo development?

Our mind and mental state can affcct our health. Of course, health is affected by- (i) genetic disorders - deficiencies with which a child is born and deficiencies/defects which the child inherits from
parents from bìrth; (ii) infections and (iii) life style including food and water we take, rest and exercise we give to our bodies, habits that we have or lack etc. When the functioning of one or more organs or systems of the body is adversely affected, characterised by appearance of various signs and symptoms, we say that we are not healthy, i.e., we have a disease. Diseases can be broadly grouped
into infectious and non-infectious. Diseases which are easily transmitted from one person to another, are called infectious diseases.. Infectious diseases are very common and every one of us suffers from these at some time or other. Some of the infectious diseases like AIDS are fatal. Among non-infectious diseases, cancer is the major cause of death. Drug and alcohol abuse also affect our health adversely.
1.Define the term health? How does.health affect a person?
2.Differentiate between infectiousand non- infectious diseases

We have so far seen the effect of a gene on a single phenotype or trait. There are however instances where a single gene can exhibit multiple phenotypic expression. Such a gene is called a pleiotropic gene. The underlying mechanism of pleiotropy in most cases is the effect of a gene on metabolic pathways which contributes towards different phenotypes. An example of this is the disease phenylketonuria (PKU; Foiling, 1934) which occurs in humans. The disease is caused by mutation in the gene that codes for the enzyme phenyl alanine hydroxylase i.e., single gene mutation. Pleiotropism is defined as a phenomenon when single gene may produce more than one effect i.e., the multiple effect of a gene or control several phenotypes depending on its position. This results in a phenotypic expression characterized by mental retardation and a reduction in hair and skin pigmentation (albinism). In Drosophila white eye mutation leads to depigmentation in many other parts of the body, giving a pleiotropic effect. In transgenic organisms, the introduced gene can produce different effects depending on where the gene has introgressed.
1.Single gene is controlling multiple phenotypic expression is referred as
A) Monogene
B) Polygenes
C) Pleiotropic
D) Digenes
2.In phenylketonuria (PKU) disease of human being, there is deficiency of enzyme -
A) Phenyl alanine oxidase
B) Phenyl alanine hydroxylase
C) Phenyl alanine tyrosinase
D) Phenyl alanine reductase
3.Symptoms of phenylketonuria (PKU) disease is
A) Mental retardation
B) Albinism
C) Reduction in hair
D) All of the above
4.Phenylketonuria disease is first recorded by
A) F. Galton, 1883
B) Follin, 1934
C) Hugo de Vries, 1901
D) John Otto, 1803
5.Phenylketonuria (PKU) disease is due to which chromosome
A) Chromosome number 10
B) Chromosome number 11
C) Chromosome number 12
D) Chromosome number 13

Though the genotypic ratios can be calculated using mathematical probability, but simply looking at the phenotype of a dominant trait, it is not possible to know the genotypic composition. That is, for example, whether a tall plant from F1 or F2 has TT or Tt composition, cannot be predicted. Therefore, to determine the genotype of a tall plant at F2 Mendel crossed the tall plant from F1with a dwarf plant i.e., recessive parent. This he called a test cross. In a typical test cross an organism like Pea plants showing a dominant phenotype and whose genotype is to be determined is crossedwith the recessive parent instead of self-crossing or selfing. The progenies of such a cross can easily be analysed to predict the genotype of the test organism.
1.What ratio did you get during test cross of a Pea plant?
A) 1 : 2 : 1
B) 1 : 1
C) 3 : 1
D) 2 : 1
2.With the help of Punnett square, try to find out the nature of offsprings of a test cross?
A) 25 % hybrid tall and 25 % dwarf
B) 75 % hybrid tall and 25 % dwar
C) 50 % hybrid tall and 50 % dwarf
D) 15 % hybrid tall and 85 % dwarf
3.Using the genotypes of test cross, can you give a general definition for a test cross?
A)  TT ×tt
B) Tt ×tt
C) Tt ×Tt
D) tt ×tt
4.Test cross is a cross between
A) F1 tall plant and F1 dwarf plant
B) F1 tall plant and F1 recessive parent
C) F1 tall plant and F1 dominant parent
D) F1 dwarf plant and F1 dominant parent
5.Significance of the test cross in the genetics is to determine
A) Genotype of a hybrid Pea plant
B) Genotype of a tall Pea plant
C) Genotype of a dwarf Pea plant
D) Phenotype of a hybrid Pea plant

Surgical method or sterilization are generally advised for the male or female partner as a termini method to prevent any more pregnancies. Surgical intervention blocks gamete transport and thereby prevent conception or fertilisation. Sterilisation procedure in the male is called 'vasectomy' and that in the female, 'tubectomy'. In vasectomy, a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum whereas in tubectomy, a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina. These techniques are highly effective bin their reversibility is very poor.
1. Vasectomy is
A) Natural method of contraception
B) Barrier method of contraception
C) Chemical method of contraception
D) Surgical method of contraception
2.Tubectomy is
A) Natural method of contraception
B) Barrier method of contraception
C) Chemical method of contraception
D) Surgical method of contraception
3.Two vasa deferntia are interrupted by giving cuts or ligation in
A) Tubectomy
B) Vasectomy
C) Appendicectomy
D) Hepatectomy
4.In tubectomy, which of following structure is interrupted by giving cuts or ligation?
A) Right and left ovaries
B) Right and left oviduct
C) Uterus and epididymis
D) Vagina and urethra

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
Ginkgo tree has been saved from extinction by selective breeding followed by channeling into trade of nature lovers. This is an ex-situ conservation, where endangered species are protected from all adverse factors. Offspring produced in captive breeding are released in natural habitat for acclimatisation.
(i) What is the Significance of offsite collections?

(a) Restock depleted populations	(b) Protection of endangered species
(c) Reintroduce species in wild	(d) All of these

(ii) Which of the following is not an ex-situ conservation?

(a) Wetlands

(b) Orchards

(c) Aquaria

(d) Botanical gardens

(iii) Select the incorrect statements for ex-situ conservation.

(a) It is conservation of species outside their natural habitats.

(b) Endangered species are kept under human supervision and provided all the essentials.

(c) The species population recovers in natural environment.

(d) Both (b) and (c)

(iv) Conditions maintained in seed banks for orthodox seeds are

(a) low moisture content

(b) anaerobic conditions

(c) low temperature

(d) all of these.

(v) Assertion: Animal species which have become extinct in wild continue to be maintained in zoological parks.
Reason: Captive breeding is the conservation of those cases where these is no realistic chance of in-situ survival.

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.

(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below :
Turner's syndrome is an example of mono somy. It is formed by the union of an allosome free egg and a normal 'X' containing sperm or a normal egg and an allosome free sperm. The individual has 2n = 45 chromosomes (44 + X0) instead of 46. Such individuals are sterile females who have rudimentary ovaries, under developed breasts, small uterus, short stature, webbed neck and abnormal intelligence. They may not menstruate or ovulate. This disorder can be treated by giving female sex hormone to the women from the age of puberty to make them develop breasts and have menstruation. This makes them feel more normal.
(i) Number of Barr body present in a female with Turner's syndrome is

(a) 0

(b) 1

(c) 2

(d) < 2.

(ii) Turner's syndrome is an example of

(a) aneuploidy

(b) euploidy

(c) polyploidy

(d) autosomal abnormality

(iii) Turner's syndrome is a/an

(a) autosomal recessive Mendelian disorder	(b) autosomal dominant Mendelian disorder
(c) sex linked Mendelian disorder	(d) chromosomal disorder

(iv) Which of the following statements regarding Turner's syndrome is incorrect?

(a) It is a case of monosomy of chromosomes

(b) The suffering individual is a sterile female having one 'X' chromosome missing in the cells

(c) The problem is due to an extra chromosome

(d) The individual are of short stature

(v) Assertion : Turner's syndrome is caused due to absence of anyone of the X and Y sex chromosome.
Reason : Individuals suffering from Turner's syndrome show masculine as well as feminine development

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion

(c) Assertion is true but reason is false

(d) Both assertion and reason are false

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v) given below:
In testis, the immature male germ cells produce sperms by spermatogenesis that begins at puberty. It occurs in the seminifer.o•. us tubules of the testes. Seminiferous tubules are lined by germinal epithelium. Study the schematic representation of spermatogenesis and answer the following questions.

(i) Which cell division occurs during multiplication phase?

(a) Mitosis

(b) Meiosis I

(c) Meiosis II

(d) Both (b) and (c)

(ii) How many chromosomes are present in secondary spermatocyte and spermatid respectively?

(a) 46,23

(b) 46,46

(c) 23,23

(d) 23, XY

(iii) Transformation of L into M is known as

(a) spermiation

(b) spermateliosis

(c) spermatogenesis

(d) none of these

(iv) Select the correct option

(a) Type A spermatogonia grows to larger primary spermatocyte.

(b) One spermatogonium forms two spermatids.

(c) Spermiation is the release of sperms from seminiferous tubules.

(d) Primary spermatocyte undergoes mitosis to form secondary spermatocytes.

(v) Which hormone acts on spermatogonia to stimulate sperm production?

(a) LH

(b) GnRE

(c) ABP

(d) FSH

Study the table given below and answer the questions that follow:

(+ = Beneficial interaction)
(- = Detrimental interaction)
(0 = Neutral interaction)
(i) Identify the type of interaction (a), (b), (c) and (d).
(ii) Why are predators 'prudent' in nature?

A youth in his twenties met with an accident and succumbed to the injuries. His parents agreed to donate his organs. Answer the following questions:
(a) List any two essential clinical steps to be undertaken before any organ transplant.
(b) Why is the organ transplant rejected sometimes? Name the kind of immunity responsible for this.

(a) Identify the respective animal to which each of the following skulls, A, Band C belongs. Which two among them resemble more closely?
(b) Name the (I) ape-like and (ii) man-like primates that existed 15 million years ago.

Study the pedigree chart given below showing the inheritance pattern of a human trait and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Is the trait autosomal dominant or recessive or sex-linked? Why?
(b) Give the genotypes of the parents in generation I and of the son in generation II.
(c) Give the genotype of the first grand daughter.

Assertion (A): Size of ovum is much larger than that of primary oocyte.
Reason (R): Vitellogenesis occurs during maturation and growth phases of oogenesis.
Codes:
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true but (R) is false
d) Both (A) and (R) are false

Statement I: Predators in nature are 'prudent
Statement II : If a predator is too efficient and overexploits its prey, then the prey might become extinct and following it, the predator will also become extinct for lack of food.
Codes:
a)I is true, but II is false
b)I is false, but II is true
c)Both I and II are true
d)Both I and Il are false

Assertion(A) : It is so special that the tropics is known for their greater biological diversity
Reason (R) : (a) because 1t has long period of Speciation, it is less seasonal and has more solar energy.
Codes:
a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b) If both A and R arc true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
c) If A is true, but R is false
d) If A&R are false

Assertion (A) : Dinosaurs became extinct about 65, mya
Reason (R) : Tyranosaurs rex was about 20 feet in height & had huge fearsome dagger like tail
Codes:
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
c) (A) is true but (R) is false
d) (A) is false but (R) is true

Assertion : Lichens are used as indicators of pollution.
Reason : A polluted environment accelerates the growth of lichens by providing them with more nutrition.
Codes:
 (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.
 (B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A.
 (C)A is true, but R is false
 (D) A is false, but R is true. 

Assertion : Diversity observed in the entire geographical area, is called gamma diversity.
Reason : Bio-diversity decreases from high altitude to low altitude.
Codes:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.

Assertion (A) : When the two genes in a dihybrid cross are situated on the same chromosome, the proportion of parental gene combinations is much higher than non-parental type.
Reason (B) : Higher parental gene combination can be attributed to crossing over between two genes.
(a) If both A and Rare true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) It both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) If A is true, but R is false
(d) If A is false, but R. is true

Assertion (A) : The first form of life arose gradually through evolutionary forces from non-living molecules
Reason (B) : This is called as alnogenesis
(a) lf both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) If A is true, but R is false
(d) If A is false, but R is true

Assertion (A) Antibody mediated imnmune response is provided by B-cells.
Reason (R) B-cells work chiefly by secreting substances called antibodies into the body fluids.
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) If A is true, but R is false
(d) If A is false, but R is true

The diagram given below shows the event of cleavage. Refer to the diagram and comment upon the appropriateness of assertion and Reason.

Assertion (A) : During cleavage, the cells divide and  continue to rise in number, but the mass of protoplasm remains same.
Reason (R) : With each consecutive subdivision there is approximately half the cytoplasm in each daughter cell.
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of the A
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the A
(c) If A is true, but R is false
(d) If A is false, but R is true

Assertion (A) Lactational amenorrhea is the natural method of contraception.
Reason (R) It increases the phagocytosis of sperm.
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of the A
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the A
(c) If A is true, but R is false.
(d) If A is false, but R is true

Assertion (A) Amniocentesis is often misused.
Reason (R) It is meant for determining the genetic disorders in the foetus, but it is being used to determine the sex of the foetus, leading to increase in the female foeticide.
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of the A
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the A
(c) If A is true, but R is false
(d) If A is false, but R is true

Assertion: The rate of extinction of organisms have increased in recent years.
Reason: Human activities like deforestation, industrialisation, etc., have destroyed the natural habitat of plants and animals.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Emigration is outward movement of some individuals from local population.
Reason: Emigration is caused by occurrence of deficiencies and calamities.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Kangaroo rat can live without drinking water.
Reason: This is an adaptation to water scarcity in arid conditions.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion : Hybrids are generally back crossed.
Reason : Back cross is done to increase the traits of the parent.
Codes :
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false

Assertion: Smack is a by-product of heroin synthesis.
Reason: Heroin is an opium alkaloid.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

Assertion: Immunoglobulin functions as antibody.
Reason: Different immunoglobulins molecules have different antigen binding properties.
Codes:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.