Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) programmes or In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) is very helpful to such couples who cannot have a baby by natural means.
The steps of ART are as follows
(i) The sperm from male donor and ova from female donor is collected.
(ii) They are fertilised outside the body in similar condition as that of the body.
(iii) Embryo transfer takes place. 
The early embryo sac upto 8 blastomeres is transferred into the Fallopian tube and more than 8 blastomeres embryos are transferred into uterus.
(iv) Further development of embryo takes place inside the womb of mother in usual manrner.
The baby formed by ARTs is called test tube baby because embryo is formed in the lab in a test tube, instead of the woman's Fallopian tube. The programme is thus called test tube baby programme.

(i) The doctor injected anti-venom into the farmer's body as it contains preformed antibodies against the snake venom. These ready-made antibodies are directly given to protect the body against foreign agents.
(ii) When ready-made antibodies are provided by a patient to fight against foreign antigen, it is called passive immunity.

(i) It is clear from the graph that the primordial follicles per ovary starts decreasing rapidly after the age of 35-40 years and reaches almost zero by the age of 50 years. Therefore, the average age of women at the onset of menopause can be estimated to be around 50 years.
(ii) According to the given graph, the maximum number of primordial follicles per ovary is present at birth, which is approximately 7 million. After birth, this number decreases gradually and by the age of 20 years, the number of follicles reduces to approximately 4,00,000. After the age of 20 years, the number of follicles decreases at a faster rate and by the age of 40 years, the number of follicles reduces to approximately 25,000. Therefore, the maximum number of primordial follicles per Ovary is present at birth.

Family planning techniques are not adopted by all because of the following reasons:
(i) not fully aware of the methods.
(ii)fear of some of the possible ill-effects.
(iii)religious beliefs
(iv)emotional and social factors

Cut is an intra-uterine device (IUD) and functions as follows:
1. It suppresses sperm motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms.
2. It increases phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.

Cut is an intra-uterine device (IUD) and functions as follows:
1. It suppresses sperm motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms.
2. It increases phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.

Cut is an intra-uterine device (IUD) and functions as follows:
1. It suppresses sperm motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms.
2. It increases phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.

Contraceptive pills contain snall dosage of either progestogens or progestogen - oestrogen combinations. These pills inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/retard entry of sperms.
These pills have to be taken daily for a period of 21 days starting preferably within the first five days of menstrual cycle. After a gap of 7 days ( during which menstruation occurs) it has to be repeated in the same pattern till the female desires to prevent conception. Saheli, a new oral contraceptive pill is 'once a week pill'.

(a) (i) Amnion
(b) (iv) Chorion

The penetration of an ovum by a human sperm is a chemical mechanism. In this process, the acrosome of sperm undergoes an acrosomal reaction and releases certain sperm lysins, which dissolve the egg layers locally and make the path for the penetration of sperm. These sperm lysins contain corona penetrating enzyme, acrosin and a lytic enzyme such as hyaluronidase that dissolves the hyaluronic acid polymers in the intercellular spaces,which holds the granulosa cells of corona radiata.

(i)Pregnancy
(ii)Delivery
(iii)STDs
(iv)Abortions
(v)Contraception
(vi)Menstrual problems
(vii)Infertility

The assisted reproductive technologies enable the infertile couples to have children.
lIFT refers to the method of embryo transfer in the test tube baby programme, in which the zygote or embryo upto 8-blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube.
GIFT refers to the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor female into the fallopian tube of another female, who cannot produce an ovum, but can provide suitable conditions for fertilisation and pregnancy.
Intrauterine transfer refers to the transfer of embryo with more than 8-blastomeres into the uterus of a female.

(i) Test tube baby programme - In this method, the ovum of the woman and the sperm of her husband or a donor, are made to fuse ,under laboratory conditions; it is called in vitro fertilisation (IVF). - The zygote or early embryo is implanted in the fallopian tube or uterus respectively for further development.
(ii) Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) - In this method, the sperm is injected directly into the ovum to form the zygote and then embryo transfer is carried out.
(iii) Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFn - This method involves the transfer of an ovum collected from a donor female into another female for fertilisation and further development of foetus.
(iv) Artificial insemination - In this method, the semen collected from the husband or a healthy XII donor, is artificially introduced into the vagina or into the uterus (intra uterine insemination). - It is carried out when infertility is due to the inability of the male partner to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm count in the semen.

(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

(d) : Rhythm method is a natural method of birth control in which the couples avoid or abstain from coitus (intercourse) from the day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle as ovulation occurs during this period. It is also known as periodic abstinence.

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(c): Corpus luteum is formed after the release of secondary oocyte from the Graafian follicle

(d): Implantation is the attachment of the early embryo called blastocyst, to the lining of womb. It begins between the fifth and seventh day after the ovulation and is enabled by the secretion of enzymes. that digest a portion of the endometrium. A blastocyst is composed of a hollow sphere of trophoblast cells, inside of which is a small cluster of cells called the inner cell mass. Trophoblast goes on to contribute to fetal membrane systems. While the inner cell mass is destined largely to become the embryo and fetus

(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

(a) : Clitoris of female is the small, spongy and erectile structure which hangs freely from the front end of vulva. It represents the underdeveloped penis. Whereas penis is a finger-like cylindrical outgrowth of abdomen projecting in between the scrotal sacs. Clitoris and penis both originate from the same origin, therefore are homologous.
Homologous organs are those organs which have the same origin and mayor may not have the same function. Clitoris and penis both are the reproductive organs present in female and male respectively. They are originated from the mesoderm layer and both are supplied with the nerves and blood vessels.

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

(c) : Puberty is the period of life at which the ability to reproduce begins and reproductive organs become functional. In male, the puberty is the period between 13-16 years. Puberty in male is controlled by male sex hormone called testosterone, which is secreted by interstitial or Leydig's cells of the testes under the stimulation of interstitial cells stimulating hormone (ICSH) secreted by anterior pituitary. After puberty the seminiferous tubules start producing sperms. The development of secondary sex organs like prostate, scrotum, penis, etc., starts and secondary sexual characters like growth of hair on face, chest, pubis and axillae, broadening of shoulders, deepening of voice due to enlargement of voice box occurs. In puberty (male), height increases due to rapid growth of muscles and bones.

(a) : Scrotum is a place where testes begins to descend during the third month with a concomitant shortening of gubernaculum. Proper descend of testes is essential for complete fertility because sperms needs low temperature by about 2°C from normal body temperature (37°C) to mature. The scrotal sacs has dartos muscles which constantly contracts and relaxes the loose scrotal skin. The loose scrotal skin helps to keep the testicular temperature at 35°C. If the testes do not descend from the abdominal cavity to the scrotum, the high temperature will destroy the sperm producing seminiferous tubules which results in sterility. So, scrotum acts as a thermoregulator and helps in spermatogenesis.

1.Oral pills like combination pills are taken for a duration of 21 days (from 5th day to 25th day of menstrual cycle)
2.Malè D and Mala N prevent ovulation, prevent implantation and make the cervical mucus hostile to sperm entry.
3. Saheli is once a week pill developed by CDRL, Lucknow. It has non steroidal preparation and inhibits implementation.

(i) (b)
(ii) (a)
(iii) (c) : Amniocentesis is a fetal disorder test based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo. It detects genetic disorders like Down syndrome, sickle cell anaemia
and cystic fibrosis.
(iv) (a)
(v) (d) : Non invasive techniques are available to determine the fetal condition. These techniques do not pose any risk to fetus. Ultrasound imaging is a non-invasive technique.