(a) Curd
(b) Bread, cakes, wines, beer
(c) Swiss cheese
(d) citric acid

Swiss cheese - Propionibacterium.
Roquefort cheese - A specific fungus.

A - Streptococcus
B - Cyclosporin A
C - Immunosuppressive agent
D - Removal of clots from blood vessels of patients who had mycardial infarction.

Primary sewage treatment is a physical process and secondary treatment is a biological process.

1. It is scientifically possible to produce a number of plants from a single plant.
2. Explants are made from the given plant and cultured on a suitable, medium, under sterile conditions.

Apple, pear, sunflower, Brassica sp.

Smack is odtained from Papaver somniferum (Poppy).

It binds to specific opioid receptors present in our central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract.

It is a depressant and shows down the body functions.

BOD refers to the amount of oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic matter in one litre of water were oxidised by bacteria. The microbes biodegrade the major part of the organic matter in the effluent by using the dissolved oxygen. It reduces the BOD of the effluent.
When the BOD of sewage is reduced significantly, the effluent is passed into a settling tank where the bacterial flocs are allowed to sediment forming the activated sludge. Hence, higher the value of BOD, more is the water polluted and more is the amount of biodegradable matter in it.

  'A' = Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 'B' = Acetic acid

A. Himgiri
B. White rust
C. Pusa Shubhra, Pusa Snowball K-1
D. Black rot and curl light black rot
E. Pusa Komal
F. Pusa Sadabahar

(a) A part of the life cycle of the parasite occurs in the body of female Anopheles mosquito; these mosquitoes act as vectors and transmit the disease from patients to healthy individuals.
(b) Fertilisation; it occurs in the intestinal wall of mosquito.
(c) Salivary gland. Sporozoites are the cells released from it.

(a) Farmers prefer biofertilisers to chemical fertilisers for the following differences between them:

(b) Anabaena acts as biofertiliser because
(i) It fixes atmospheric nitrogen and enriches soil fertility.
(ii) By its photosynthesis, it adds organic matter to soil.
Mycorrhizae are the symbiotic associations between certain fungi and roots of higher plants.
Mycorrhizae act as biofertiliser because - The fungus absorbs phosphorus from the soil and passes it to the plant.
Plants with mycorrhiza show resistance to root-borne pathogens.
They show increased tolerance to salinity and drought.
There is an overall increase in plant growth and development.

Health is defined as a state of complete physical,mental and social well-being.
People should be healthy for the following reasons:
(i) Health increases longivity.
(ii) Health reduces infant mortality and maternal mortality.
(iii) Healthy people are more efficient in work and this increases the productivity and economic prosperity.

Each antibody molecule has four polypeptide chains.

Of them,two are small and called light chains (L) and two of them are longer and called heavy chains(H) hence written as  H₂ L₂.

1. Life cycle of Plasmodium in human body.
2. When an infected female Anopheles mosquito bites a person,the sporozoites are injected into the body.
3. They reach the liver cells through blood.
4. The parasite reproduces asexually in the liver cells and by the bursting of liver cells,new cells are released into the blood.
5. They enter the red blood cells (RBCs) and reproduce asexually;by bursting the red blood cells,the cells of the parasite release haemozoin,which causes the cycles of fever,chill and shivering.
6. The released parasite cells infect new red blood cells;some continue the asexual reproduction and cause the cycles of fever.
7. Others enter the sexual stage and form gametocytes in the RBCs,which are picked by the Anopheles mosquito, along with the blood meal.

1. After entering the body of a person,the virus enters the macrophages.
2. The viral genome (RNA) undergoes replication and reverse transcription  to become viral DNA with the help of reverse transcriptase.
3. The viral DNA gets incorporated into the DNA of the cells and directs these cells to produce virus particles.
4. The macrophages function as HIV factory and produce a number of HIV particles.
5. These HIV particles move out of macrophages and infect the helper T-lymphocytes and replicant to produce progeny viruses.
6. The progeny viruses released in the blood attack new helper T- cells.
7. This process is repeated and there is a progressive decrease in the number of helper T-cells. 

Blue revolution is a movement lanched to increase the production of fish.Freshwater fish: catla and Rohu. Marine water fish: Helsa and sardines.

(a) Multiple ovulation Embryo Transfer , (MOET) technology
(b) Steps in MOET technology:
A cow is administered hormones with FSH-like activity to induce follicular maturation and superovulation, i.e. instead of one egg, 6-8 eggs are produced per cycle.
The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
The fertilised eggs are recovered at the 8-32 celled stages, nonsurgically.
They are then transferred to surrogate mothers.
The genetic mother is available for and her round of superovulation.

Advantages:
Inbreeding: It is used to evolve purelines in animals. 
Outbreeding: These methods are used for improving the yield of animals and also to produce new breeds.
Disadvantages:
Inbreeding: Continuous inbreeding leads to inbreeding depression and reduction in productivity.
Outbreeding: The success rate may below and the desired combinations of characters may appear in low frequency.

(i) Biogas is better as a fuel than cow-dung cake because the former burns more efficiently thus producing more heat. It does not cause pollution. Moreover the cow-dung cakes cause health issues.
(ii) The villagers should be informed by explaining the benefits of biogas. They should be shown the biogas plant.
(iii) Suresh exhibited the value of awareness and scientific knowledge.

The process of fusion of protoplast of somatic cells derived from different varieties and or species of plants on a suitable nutrient medium to produce
the somatic hybrids is called somatic hybridization. For example pomato is the somatic hybrid obtained by the protoplast fusion of tomato and potato.
The steps involved in somatic hybridization are:
(i) Single cells isolated from the selected plants.
(ii) Removal of cell wall of the fusing cell with the help of the enzymes like pectinase and cellulase. Theseenzymes digest the cell wall to expose the naked protoplast.
(iii) The isolated protoplasts of selected parents are fused to obtain hybrid protoplast on special nutrient medium under aseptic conditions. This fusion is
induced by the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) or by a brief high voltage electric current.
(iv) The hybrid protoplast are cultured on suitable nutrient medium, where they regenerate cell wall and begin to undergo division to form new plantlets. These plantlets are the somatic hybrids.
Use of somatic hybridization:
Species of plants in which sexual hybridization or breeding is not possible can be hybridized by somatic hybridization.
Somatic hybridization produces hybrids between those lines or species where it is not possible through sexual hybridization.
This technique isuseful in raising allopolyploids.

(i) Analgesic;
(ii) Stimulation;
(iii) Opium
(iv) Cannabis sativa;
(v) Alcohol;
(vi) Lysergic acid diethylamide;
(vii) Mescaline;
(viiii) Viruses;
(ix) Penicillin;
(x) Chlesterol.