Both are considered as biotechnologist.Wine marker utilises a strain of yeast which produces wine by fermantation. Molecular biologist uses cloned gene for the antigen. Antigen is used as vaccine. This permits formation of antigen in huge quantity. Both generate products and services using living organisms useful to mankind. 

This is because plasmid is a circular DNA molecule. When cut with enzyme, it becomes linear, but does not get fragmented.
Whereas, a linear DNA molecule gets cut into two fragments. Hence, a single DNA band is observed for plasmid while, two DNA bands are observed for linear DNA in agarose gel.

The proteins produced by the expression of recombinant DNA in the transgenic organism are called recombinant proteins. Bioreactors help in the production of recombinant proteins as
(i) Large volumes of culture can be processed in them to produce appreciable quantities of the product.
(ii) They provide optimum conditions of temperature, pH, oxygen, salts, substrate, etc., to achieve the desired product.

The specific DNA sequence where the replication of DNA is initiated is called origin of replication(Ori)
For the multiplication of the alien DNA in the host it has to be integrated to the origin of replication(Ori)

Diplotene of Prophase I.

Transgenic sheeps and goats are made by injecting new DNA directly into the nucleus of fertilised eggs. The other methods of delivering new DNA into mammalian cell are ___
(i) by DNA-coated tungsten bullets,
(ii) in a calcium phosphate precipitate and
(iii) by electroporation.

The technique of gene cloning involves__
(i) Isolation of desired DNA fragment containing the to be cloned ;
(ii) Isolation of the vector used as cloning vehicle ;
(iii) Incubation of DNA fragments and digested vector in presence of DNA ligase producing recombinant DNA molecules : and 
(iv) Introduction of recombinant DNA into the host.

Features of Cloning vectors:
(i) Origin of Replication (Ori)
This is the sequence of DNA from where replication starts.
Any piece of alien/foreign DNA linked to it is made to replicate within host cell; it also decides the copy number of the linked DNA.
(ii) Selectable marker
"A marker is a gene, which helps in selecting the host cells, which are transformants/recombinants from the non-recombinant ones, e.g. ampicillin and tetracycline resistant genes in E.coli.
(iii) Cloning site
The vector should have a few, preferably one unique recognition site to link 'the foreign DNA; presence of a particular cloning/recognition site enables the particular restriction enzyme to cut the vector DNA.

(a) EcoRI is a restriction endonuclease, obtained from E.coli. R represents the name of the strain.
\(\left( b \right) { 5 }^{ ' }-\begin{matrix} { G } A \end{matrix}\begin{matrix} A T \end{matrix}\begin{matrix} T C \end{matrix}-{ 3 }^{ ' }\)
\( { 3 }^{ ' }-\begin{matrix} { C } & T \end{matrix}\begin{matrix} T A \end{matrix}\begin{matrix} { A } G \end{matrix}-{ 5 }^{ ' }\)
(c) It cuts the DNA strands a little away from the centre of the' palindromic sequence, between G and A on both the strands as shown below:
\({ 5 }^{ ' }-\begin{matrix} { G }^{ \downarrow } A \end{matrix}\begin{matrix} A T \end{matrix}\begin{matrix} T C \end{matrix}-{ 3 }^{ ' }\)
\( { 3 }^{ ' }-\begin{matrix} { C } T \end{matrix}\begin{matrix} T A \end{matrix}\begin{matrix} { A }_{ \uparrow } G \end{matrix}-{ 5 }^{ ' }\)
The overhanging single stranded parts, called sticky ends, facilitate the joining of the two strands by formation of hydrogen bond

Polymerase Chain Reaction:
Multiple copies of the desired gene or segment of DNA, can be synthesised in vitro using two sets of primers, the oligonucleotides that are complementary to the regions of DNA of the two strands and the enzyme DNA polymerase.
This enzyme extends the primers using the nucleotides provided in the reaction and the genomic DNA as the template.
For repeated amplification to be achieved, a thermostable DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase), extracted from the bacterium, Thermus aquaticus is employed; it remains active during the high temperature treatment used for denaturation and separation of the two strands.

(i)  (a) Eco RI 
(b) Sticky ends/cohesive ends
(ii)  Plasmid is cut with specific restriction enzyme. DNA and plasmid DNA are mixed together. Piece of DNA to be inserted should have same strictly ends made by cutting with same restriction bases like G to C and A to T pairing can take place. Ligase is then added to join the sticky ends.

(i) Clones are identical copies of an organism produced by biotechnological methods.
(ii) In plants, clones are produced by clonal propagation using tissue culture technique.
(iii) Shilpi was curious to enhance her knowledge about biotechnological techniques.

Indiscriminate diagnostic practices using X-rays should be avoided as excessive use of X-rays causes cancer.