Food of high nutritive value, indigenous of medicine, produces bee-wax, preparation of cosmetics and polishes, etc

Selection process is crucial because:
(i) This step yields plants that are superior to both the parents.
(ii) These  plants are self-pollinated to raise homozygous or purelines for breeding purposes.

1. The sum total of all the alleles of the genes present in an individual organism and its related species, is calle dgermplasm collection.
2. genetic variability is the root of any breeding programme.
3. Collection of germplasm is necessary for exploitation of natural genes available in the populations.

(a) Inbreeding
(b) Outbreeding
(c) Interspecific hybridisation
(d) Cross-breeding

(i) Fungal Disease - Rust of wheat,Red rot of sugar cane.
(ii) Bacterial Disease - Citrus canker,Blight of rice
(iii) Viral Disease - Tobacco mosaic,Turnip mosaic

Artificial insemination is the process in which the semen collected from a superior male animal is injected into the reproductive tract of the selected female, using surgical instruments.
Advantages:
(i) Semen can be used immediately or stored/frozen and used at a later date, when the female is in the right reproductive phase.
(il) Semen can be transported in the frozen form to distant places, where the selected female animals are present.
(iii) Semen from one selected male animal can be used on a number of female animals. 

(a) Multiple ovulation Embryo Transfer , (MOET) technology
(b) Steps in MOET technology:
A cow is administered hormones with FSH-like activity to induce follicular maturation and superovulation, i.e. instead of one egg, 6-8 eggs are produced per cycle.
The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
The fertilised eggs are recovered at the 8-32 celled stages, nonsurgically.
They are then transferred to surrogate mothers.
The genetic mother is available for and her round of superovulation.

(a) Multiple ovulation Embryo Transfer , (MOET) technology
(b) Steps in MOET technology:
1. A cow is administered hormones with FSH-like activity to induce follicular maturation and superovulation, i.e. instead of one egg, 6-8 eggs are produced per cycle.
2. The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
3. The fertilised eggs are recovered at the 8-32 celled stages, nonsurgically.
4. They are then transferred to surrogate mothers.
5. The genetic mother is available for and her round of superovulation.

Resistance to Insect Pests
Resistance to insect pests is genetically controlled and manifested in the form of morphological, physiological or biochemical characteristics.
A few examples are given below:
(i) Wheat - Hairy leaves
Resistance to cereal leaf beetle.
(ii) Maize - High aspartic acid and low nitrogen and sugar contents
Resistance to stem
(iii) Wheat - Solid sterm
Resistance to saw fly
(iv) Cotton - Smooth leaves and nectarless condition.
 Resistance to bolloworm.
(v) Cotton    - Hairy leaves
Resistance to jassids

Successful bee keeping
It requires the following considerations:
(i) Knowledge of the nature and habits of bees.
(ii) Selection of suitable location of keeping beehives.
(iii) Catching and hiving of swarms.
(iv) Management of beehives at different seasons.
(v) Handling and collection of honey and beewax.

Since milk yield depends primarily on the quality of the breed, selection of a suitable breed is very important; the breed should be high-yielding under the given climatic condition and resistant to diseases.
For the yield potential to be realised, the animals have to be well looked after;
Following are the practices needed for that:
(i) They have to be housed well, in proper, well-ventilated sheds.
(ii) They should have sufficient water.
(iii) The feeding should be carried out in a scientific manner with special emphasis on quality and quantity of fodder.
(iv) Cleanliness and hygiene of both the cattle and the handlers are of great importance.
(v) The cattle should be disease free, i.e. immunisation for various diseases should be carried out; regular medical check-up by a veterinary doctor would be mandatory.
The animal has to be mated with the elite bull selected; the progeny individuals must be evaluated and superior males and females must be identified for further mating.

The various steps involved in plant breeding are discussed below:
1. Collection of variability. The entire collection (of plants I seeds) having all the diverse alleles for all genes in a given crop is called germplasm collection.
2. Evaluation and Selection of parents. The germplasm is evaluated to identify plants with desirable combination of useful characters. The selected plants are multiplied and used in the process of hybridization. Pure lines are created wherever desirable and possible.
3. Cross hybridization among the selected parents. Cross hybridizing the two parents to produce hybrids that genetically combine the desired characters in one plant.
4. Selection and testing of superior recombinants. This step consists of selecting, among the progeny of the hybrids, those plants that have the desired character combination. The selection process is crucial to the success of the breeding objective and requires careful scientific evaluation of the progeny. This step yields plants that are superior to both of the parents (very often more than one superior progeny plant may become available).
5. Testing, release, and commercialization of new cultivars. The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield and other agronomic traits of quality, disease resistance etc. This evaluation is done by growing these in the research fields and recording their performance under ideal fertiliser application,irrigation and other crop management practices. The evaluation in research fields is followed by testing the materials in farmers fields, for at least three growing seasons, at several locations in the country, representing all the agroclimatic zones where the crop is usually grown. The material is evaluated in comparison to the best available local crop cultivar - a check or reference cultivar.