Loyalty
Team spirit
cooperation

Orderliness
Discipline
Honesty

i) wastage of time.
ii) Union not to make unnecessary pressure of officials
iii) Threatening to strike on small matters is unhealthy practice 

i) To show respect to elderly employees
ii) Should not use ugly language/bad words.
iii) Without enquiring, scolding is bad/not to be done.

Through controlling, managers keep tight control over finance and spend well within the budget. To access different aspects of the organizations financial position and for optimum utilization of various resources of finance, managers take recourse to financial controls. They use modern techniques for controlling such as ratio analysis, cash flow statements. etc.

Importance of controlling is as under :
(i) It helps to accomplish organizational goals.
(ii) It helps in maximum utilization of available resources at minimum cost.
(iii) Systematic evaluation of performance and consequent rewards motivate employees to put in their best efforts.

Four objectives of controlling are as under :
(i) To seek planned results from subordinates.
(ii) To evaluate the progress of the work.
(iii) To detect deviations from the planned activities.
(iv) To find the causes of deviations

Meaning of ‘Management by Exception’:
Trying to control everything may end up in controlling nothing”. Managers cannot control every organisational activity. This is neither desirable nor possible within the frame of time, money and resource constraints.
If actual performance conforms to planned performance, the matter need not be brought to the notice of top managers. Even when the deviation is not significant (when it is within the range of control), the matter may not be reported to top managers.

A since it is neither easy nor economical to check each and every activity in an organistion, the control should focus on key result areas (KRAs). These KRAs are very essential activities for the success of organisation and act as critical point. If anything goes wrong to these critical point, the entire organisation suffers.
For Example— Increase in material cost by 10% is more harmful than 20% increase in stationery expenses. So management should focus the controlling these KRA or critical point.
This concept of also known as Management by exception.

Ans 3. According to the principle of ‘control by Exception” if you try to control everything, you may end up controlling nothing.
Minor deviations from standards are insignificant for success. They can be ignored.
Therefore only significant deviations, which go beyond the permissible limits, should be reported to the management so that management may take corrective action to deal with the situations.

“Controlling is the last function of management” Comment controlling should not be mis-understood as the last function of management. The controlling functions measures actual performance against standards, finds out the deviations analyses the causes of such deviations and takes corrective actions. This process helps in formulation of future plans in the light of the past problems. Thus controlling only completes one cycle of management process and improves in the next cycle.

“Controlling is blind without Planning”- Under the system of control actual performance is compared with budgetd standards to judge the effectiveness of performance. These standards are provided by planning. In the absence of standards there will be no justification left for control. Therefore it is correct to say that controlling is blind without planning.