Classify the following as examples of homology and analogy:
i) Hearts of fish and crocodile.
ii) Eyes of octopus and mammals.
iii) Thorns of bougainvillea and spines of Opuntia.
iv) Thorns of bougainvillea and tendrils of cucurbits

Rearrange the following to depict the correct sequence of the evolutionary record of man. Homo habilis , Ramapithecus, Homosapiens, Australopithecus, Homo erectus. Differentiate between Homo habilis and Homo erectus.

Complete the following statement by filling blanks 1 to 5.
i) The first circular form of life \(\rightarrow\) multi cellular organisms \(\rightarrow\) (1) around 500 million years ago \(\rightarrow\) jawless fish around 350 million years ago 
ii) (2)were the ancestors of the modern day frogs and salamanders
iii) Land reptiles i.e. __(3)__ suddenly disappeared from the earth about 65 million years ago. This called(4).
iv) Some of the land reptiles moved back into water to evolve into (5).

Depending upon the trait favoured natural selection can bring about three different effects. Depict the effects with the help of diagram.

“Allele frequencies in a population are stable and are constant from generation to generations”. Who proposed this principle .State the factors that are known to affect it .What do you understand by founder effect. How these five factors mentioned can cause a change in a frequency of alleles of a population?

“Giraffes who in an attempt to forage leave on tall trees had to adopt by elongation of their necks.” Make use of this statement to enumerate the main points of Lamark ’s theory and Darwin’s theory of Natural selection.

Is evolution a process or the result of a process? Name the two key concepts of Darwinian Theory of evolution.

Why small black birds later called Darwin Finches found in Galapagos Islands amazed Darwin.Which evolutionary phenomenon is represented by Darwin finches.
Give any other example of this phenomenon. When is this phenomenon indicative of convergent evolution?

Evolution is the stochastic process based on chance events in nature & chance mutation in the organism. Explain it with the help of a suitable example (industrial melanism). State any other example from every day experience.

The structures which are not anatomatically similar but are performing similar function are called analogous structure. Give any two example of analogy.
Why analogous structure are said to be a result of convergent evolution?

Whales, bats, cheetah & humans shares similarities in the pattern of bones of forelimbs what do we call these structures. How these structures are pointing towards divergent evolution? Give an example from plants which represent the same pattern?

What is indicated by a cross section of earth’s crust? Name the evolutionary evidence in which different aged rock sediments containing fossil of life form are examined?

Charles Darwin during a Sea voyage round the world in a sail ship (H.M.S Beagle), concluded that there has been gradual evolution of life forms . What is his theory practically known as? Write the main points of his theory . Name a scientist who arrived to similar conclusion like that of Charles Darwin?

Comment on the similarity between the wing of a cockroach and the wing of a bird. What do you infer from the above with reference to evolution?

Write the similarity between the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat. What do you infer the above with reference to evolution?