male sex is determined by Y-chromosome which does not bear the gene for haemophilia.In the given case, when a normal male marries a carrier female the resultant offsprings will be follows- this marriage results in the four types of offsprings in equal ratio i.e .,
Normal Girl with XX genotype
Normal boy with XY genotype
carrier Girl with XX^h genotype
The defect of haemophilia does not appear in the girl carrier because the second X chromosome possesses therefore female child can be a carrier but does not develop diseases.The  male child on the other hand can develop the disese.

In case of cockroaches the males have old sex chromosomes (AA + X)whereas the female have two homomorphic sex chromosomes(AA + XX) The male cockroach is heterogametic and produces two type of gemetes A+ X , A + O.The progeny is obtained in the ration of 50 male : 50 females.The genotype of offsprings 50% AA+XX and 50% AA+XO

The type of inheritance is cytoplasmic or mitochondrial inheritance because the character in the given pedigree analysis is inherited only through female.

If man is homozygous-I^AI^A and woman is also homozygous -I^BI^B then the offsprings will be -I^AI^B

If the man is hetrozygous-I^AIⁱ and the woman - I^BIⁱ then the offsprings will be

Thus the genotypes of parents are
Man=I^AIⁱ       woman=I^BIⁱ
genotypes of offsprings are-I^AI^B , I^AIⁱ ,I^BIⁱ and IⁱIⁱ

(a) Genetic RNA-Double stranded RNA of mammalian reovirus
Non-genetic RNA-Ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA or transfer RNA
(b)Prolaryotic mRNA is short lived and hardly undergoes processing(capping, methylation and polyadenylation)to from comparatively stable mRNA.

(a)Correct
(b)The genetic code is non-ambiguous
(c)The genetic code is degenerate
(d)Transfer RNA(tRNA) carry amino acids to mRNA codons and used again and again in translation
(e)Correct
(f)Correct

There are insemination centres throughout the country which collect the semen of superior bulls of exotic or indigenous breeds and store in the frozen form to be used at a later date. We should take our cows to these centres for artificial insemination.

  'A' = Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 'B' = Acetic acid

(i) It will produce two sticky ends.
(ii) Human DNA pieces will also form sticky ends.
(iii) Some molecules will form with pieces of human DNA inserted into the plasmid vector at the Eco RI site.

a = 5'- G-G-A-T-C-C-3',    
b = Escherichia coli RY 13,    
c = Hin d II
3'-C-C-T-A-G-G-5'

(a)  (i) creating awareness among the people about various reproduction related aspects, and
 (ii) providing facilities and support for building up a reproductively healthy society
(b) Some Prominent Assisted Reproduction Technologies are:
(i) 'Test tube baby' programme.
(ii) Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT).
(iii) Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
(iv) Artificial insemination technique (AIT).

(a) Continuous synthesis of DNA
(b) Discontinuous synthesis of DNA

Menarche represents the beginning of menstrual cycle which is an indication of attainment of sexual maturity.It usually occurs at the age of 12-15 years.Menopause, on the other hand, refers to the cessation of menstruation, which in turn means stoppage of gamete production i.e., it marks the end of reproductive fertile life of the female.It occurs between 45 to 55 years.Menopause, on the other hand, refers to the cessation of menstruation, which in turn means stoppage of gamete production i.e., it marks the end of reproductive fertile life of the female.It occurs between 45 to 55 years of age. 

Haemo-endothelial placenta.

LH surge is essential for the events leading of ovulation.

(i) Two
(ii) One

(i) The tuber has nodes and internodes.
(ii) Leafy shoots appear from the nodes.

(i) Oral pills contain hormones such as progestron and estrogen.Oral administration of small doses of either progestron or progesterone-estrogen combinations is another contraceptive method used by the females.They are used in the form of tablets and hence are popularly called the 'pills'.
Functions. 
1. They inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/retard entry of sperms.
2. Pills are very effective with lesser side effects and are well accepted by the females.
Advantages of Saheli. 'Saheli', the new oral contraceptive for the female contains a non-steroidal preparation called  'centchroman'. It is a 'once a week' pill with very few side effects and high contraceptive value.
(ii) Schedule. Pills have to be taken daily for a period of 21 days starting preferably within the first five days of menstrual cycle. After a gap of 7 days (during which menstruation occurs) it has to be repeated in the same pattern till the desired period on contraception.

1.Amniocentesis is a foetal determination test based upon the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo.It should be legally banned throughout the country as such a ban shall check increasing female foeticide cases and maintain a normal sex ratio in the country.
2. Use This technique can be used to identify some abnormalities in the number of chromosomes and to detect certain biochemicals and enzymatic abnormality.

1.Both the strands of parent DNA function as template strands.
2. On the template strand with \({ 3 }^{ ' }\longrightarrow { 5 }^{ ' }\) polarity, the new strand is synthesised as a continuous stretch as the DNA polymerase can carry out polymerisation of the nucleotides only in \({ 5 }^{ ' }\longrightarrow { 3 }^{ ' }\)direction; this is called continuous synthesis and the strand is called leading strand.
3. On the other template strand with \({ 5 }^{ ' }\longrightarrow { 3 }^{ ' }\) polarity, the new strand is synthesised from the point of replication fork, also in \({ 5 }^{ ' }\longrightarrow { 3 }^{ ' }\) direction, but in short stretches; they are later joined by DNA - ligases to form a strand, called lagging strand.

1. Organic farming is a holistic approach that seeks to develop an understanding of the webs of interaction among the myriads of organisms that form the flora and fauna of the field.
2. The organic farmer works to create a system where the insects (called pests) are not eradicated, but kept at manageable levels by a complex system of checks and balance within a living and vibrant ecosystem.
3. According to the organic farmer, the eradication of the creatures, called pests, is not only possible but also undesirable, because many beneficial predatory and parasitic insects cannot survive without them.
4. Such a use of biocontrol measures reduces the use of chemical pesticides and thereby the pollution.

(a) It takes time for the symptoms for the following reasons.
(i) The parasite reaches the liver cells,reproduces asexually and comes out by bursting the liver cells.
(ii) Such cells enter the red blood cells,multiply and come out of RBCs by bursting them.
(iii) The rupture of RBCs releases haemozoin,which produces the disease symptoms.
(b) Plasmodium falciparum.

(i) Fossils of dinosaurs provide palaeontological evidences for evolution.
They represent extinct organisms.
A study of fossils indicates the geological time period in which these organisms existed and that life forms varied over time.
(ii) Forelimbs of cheetah, bat, whale and humans provide evidences of evolution from comparative anatomy and morphology.
The similarity in the anatomy of these organs indicates that the same structure has developed along different directions as adaptations to different needs; homology indicates common ancestry.
(iii) Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita also provide evidences from comparative anatomy and morphology.
They represent homology (both are stem modifications) and homology represents common ancestry and divergent evolution.

1.Anthropogenic actions, i.e. human activities have been found to enhance evolution.
e,g. 1.Use of DDT has resulted in evolution of DDT-resistant mosquitoes.
2.Evolution of antibiotic or drug-resistant microbes.
3. When DDT was used fo the first time, many mosquitoes died, but a few survived.
4. These few mosquitoes showed resistance to DDT and reproduced in the presence of DDT.
5. Most of the offspring were also resistant to DDT.
6. Hence, the mosquito populations of today consist mainly of DDT-resistant mosquitoes and hence, DDT is not effective.
7. In the absence of DDT, these DDT-resistant mosquitoes had no advantage over those mosquitoes, which were sensitive to DDT.
8. This is an example of evolution due to anthropogenic activities.

(i) Replication of DNA occurs in small replication forks, because DNA is such a long molecule that the separation of the two strands along its entire length requires a very high amount of energy.
(ii) DNA polymerase can catalyse the polymerisation of nucleotides only in \({ 5 }^{ ' }\rightarrow { 3 }^{ ' }\) direction.So on the template strand with \({ 3 }^{ ' }\rightarrow { 5 }^{ ' }\) polarity, DNA replication is continuous.On the template strand with \({ 5 }^{ ' }\rightarrow { 3 }^{ ' }\) polarity, DNA synthesis occurs in short stretches as the opening of replication fork continues; later these short stretches are joined by the action of DNA ligases
(iii) Replication of DNA does not initiate randomly, and DNA polymerases on their own cannot initiate replication.So, there is a specific sequence on DNA, called origin of replication; DNA polymerase binds to it and continues the process.