The term 'blue revolution' refers to the remarkable emergence of aquaculture as an important and highly productive agricultural activity. It has a vision to achieve economic prosperity of the country and the fishers and fish farmers as well as contribute towards food and nutritional security through full potential utilization of water resources for fisheries development in a sustainable manner, keeping in view the bio-security and environmental concerns. It brings a high  aquaculture in India. Aquaculture refers to all forms of active culturing of aquatic animals and plants, occurring in marine, brackish or fresh waters.

Reproductive and Child Health Care Programme tries to address all the aspects of reproductive health. This program focuses on the proper care of the child and the mother. It also promotes the proper use of contraceptives so that family size can be planned and can be limited. This program has been continuous for many decades and has borne good results.

Polyspermy means an egg has been fertilized by more than one sperms. The zona pellucida is modified by proteases. The proteases destroy the protein link between the cell membrane and the vitelline membrane, remove any receptors that other sperm have bound to, and help to form the fertilization membrane that prevents polyspermy.

No, pollination and fertilisation are not necessary in apomixis. It is a form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction. It is the formation of seeds without fertilisation.

(i) The organisms exhibiting external fertilisation discharge a large number of gametes into the water to increase the chances of fertilisation.
(ii) In Marchantia, male and female reproductive organs are present on separate individuals. Such type of plants are called dioecious plants.

1. There is no relationship between the size and lifespan of an organism, e.g.
2.  the mango tree has a shorter lifespan as compared to a banyan tree though both are of same size.  (i) the size of crow and parrot is almost same but the life span is 15 yrs and 140 yrs, respectively.

The smallest amount of energy transferred is represented by arrow 2 and largest energy loss by arrow 3.

(i) Natural selection due to mutation
(ii) Joshua Lederberg and Esther Lederberg in 1952 conducted the replica plating experiment to demonstrate the genetic basis of drug resistant mutation in bacteria.
(iii) Resistance developed by mosquitoes for various insect repellents.

Mutualism is an interaction that confers benefits on both the interacting species. Two examples where organisms involved are commercially exploited in agriculture are:
(i) Mycorrhizae close mutual association between fungi and the roots of higher plants.
Fungi help the plant in absorption of nutrients, while the plant provides food for the fungus.
(ii) Lichens represent an intimate mutualistic relationship between a fungus and photo synthesising algae or cyanobacteria.
Here, the fungus helps in the absorption of nutrients and provides protection, while algae prepare the food.

The termite provides shelter and space for the protozoan Trichonympha to live. The protozoan present in gut digests the wood, which termite feeds upon.
In the absence of Trichonympha, the termite is unable to digest wood and hence dies. Thus, the association of two given animal species represents mutualism.

The type of association the lianas have with the trees is commensalism because the plant gets the support of tree without affecting, harming or providing any benefit to the tree.

The exine layer is made up of sporopollenin and intine is made up of cellulose and pectin material.
Exine layer protects the pollen from adverse environmental condition.

(i) Population
(ii) Vasectomy
(iii) Cervical cap
(iv) Castration

Oral contraceptive or pills are either progestogens or progestogen-oestrogen combinations.
They function as contraceptives by
(i) inhibiting ovulation
(ii) inhibiting implantration .
(iii) altering the quality of cervical mucus to prevent or stop the entry of sperm.

(i) CNG is better than petrol or diesel because it burns most efficiently and very little of it is left unburnt,
(ii) It is cheaper than petrol or diesel,
(iii) It cannot be siphoned off by thieves, and
(iv) It cannot be adulterated like petrol or diesel.

Nuclear fall out refers to settling down of radioactive particles from the air on to the land. From the soil, these are absorbed by plants, whence they reach the animals and humans via food chains.

Littoral zone, limnetic zone and profundal zone.

Edaphic factore are related to soil and substratum, and include topography, background, minerals, pH, etc.

H₂,L₂ represent two small light chains and two large heavy chains in an antibody molecule.

Foreign DNA is generally ligated to a plasmid and introduced in a host. As the plasmid replicates the foreign DNAalso gets replicated. When the host organism divides, its progeny also receives the plasmid with foreign DNA

(a) Hydrophyte. Because it is not able to tolerate deficiency of water. It is partially or completely submerged.
(b) Xerophyte. Because it prefers dry and hot climate with low rainfall. Thus have succulent leaves.
(c) Halophyte. Because it grows in saline habitat.
(d) Mesophyte. Because it prefers the areas with high moisture content

'Stress' for plants refers to unfavourable environment condition that reduces growth and yield of plants. Plants encounter two types of stress.
(a) Drought, water-logging, snowing, high-temperature, salinity (Abiotic Stress Factors). Stomata get closed which leads to reduction in photosynthesis and plant yield.
(b) Animals and Man (Biotic Stress).

(i) Protandry: (maturation of anthers before stigma) or protogyny (maturation of stigma before anther) i.e. Dichogamy may take place.
(ii) To bear styles of different lengths.
(iii) Heterostyly: To bear lever mechanism e.g. Salvia.

- No, the son never inherits colour blindness from his father.

- The gene for colour-blindness is present on the x-chromosome, but a son receives Y-chromosome from his father.

- Since a male receives the X-chromosome from his mother, he ihherits the disease from his mother only.

Alleles are polymorphs that differ in their nucleotide sequence resulting in contrasting phenotypic expression. These are the alternative forms of a same gene, e.g. genes for height have two alleles, one for dwarfness (t) and one for tallness (T). Significance of alleles are
(i) A characler may have two or more contrasting phenotypic expression, thus resulting in variation in a population.
(i) These are used in the studies of inheritance.