The part of life cycle of Plasmodium spent in human body includes following stages:
(i) Sporozoites enter the human body through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito (vector)
(ii) From the blood, they enter liver cells and multiply within the liver cells.
(iii) Infected liver cells burst and release the parasites again in the blood.
(iv) They attack RBCs repeatedly, multiply and cause their rupture.
(v) Ruptured RBCs release a toxin called haemozoin which is responsible for high recurring fever and resultant chill/shivering.
(vi) When a female Anopheles mosquito bites an infected person, these parasites enter the mosquito body and undergo further development

(i) Oral pills
(ii) Surgical method
(iii) Surgical method
(iv) Barrier method
(v) Barrier method
(vi) Barrier method

1. Certain bacteria which grow anaerobically on cellulosic material, produce large amounts of methane along with CO₂ and H₂. These bacteria are called methanogens (one of the common bacterium is Methanobacterium). 
2. Methanogens are commonly found in the anaerobic sludge during sewage treatment and are also present in the rumen (a part of stomach) of cattle.
3. In rumen, methanogens help in the breakdown of cellulose and their excreta called gobar, is rich in these bacteria.  Therefore, dung can be used to produce biogas commonly called as gobar gas.

The type of inheritance is cytoplasmic or mitochondrial inheritance because the character in the given pedigree analysis is inherited only through female.

(a) Genetic RNA-Double stranded RNA of mammalian reovirus
Non-genetic RNA-Ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA or transfer RNA
(b)Prolaryotic mRNA is short lived and hardly undergoes processing(capping, methylation and polyadenylation)to from comparatively stable mRNA.

A sewage treatments plants is regarded as a giant microbial culture breading facility where the microbes are persuaded to work for our benefit.They metabolize the solid waste that passes through the treatment plant.The microbes oxidize the nutrients and during this process, they release energy in the form of heat and chemicals (phosphates, nitrates and sulphates) Gaseous by-product is also produced in the form of carbon dioxide.

The best possible remedial measure is gene therapy in which a defective gene is manipulated by introduction of normal healthy and functional gene/s.

The earth originally had a strongly reducing atmosphere. There was no oxygen in molecular form in the primitive atmosphere.

A. Parthengenesis
B. fruit, seedless
C. embryo, seed
D. dicots, monocots
E. 4 to 5 
F. nectar fragrance, colours
G. sexual, long, poor
H. nucellus, micropyle
I. uni
J. endosperm.

(a) Avery, MacCleod and McCarty gave the proof that "Transforming agent" is DNA
Avery, MacCleod and McCarty experiment:
1) Oswald Avery, colin MacCleod and McCarty in 1933-34 revealed the chemical nature of the transforming substance to be DNA
2) They purified DNA, RNA, Protein from heat-killed S-strain to see which of them could transform R-cells \(\rightarrow \)S-cells.
3) They also observed that protein digesting enzyme (protease) and RNA digesting enzyme (RNAase) have no effect on transformation whereas digestion of DNA with DNAase would not cause transformation
4) This finding established that transforming genetic material is DNA
Result of experiment

(b) Griffith's in vitro experiments demonstrated the occurrence of transformation in Pneumococcus. They provide no indication as to the molecular basis of the transformation phenomenon. Avery and MacCleod carried their experiments in vitro employing biochemical analysis to demonstrate that transformation was mediated by DNA
(c) Griffith showed that a transforming substance existed. Avery et.al. defined it as DNA

Living organisms are composed of various biomolecules and there are two main macromolecules, i.e., DNA and proteins which can have structural specificity as diverse as the basic requirement of genetic material
It was believed that proteins could be the ideal candidates for genetic material because:
(1) Proteins are made up of twenty amino acids thus the diversity can be generated on the basis of the number of residues of each amino acid in a given protein and sequence of amino acid would be enormous.
(2) They are macromolecules and universally present.

RNA is more liable and prone to degradation (owing to the presence of 2'OH group in its ribose) Hence, heat-killed S-strain may not have retained its ability to transform the R-strain into virulent form if RNA was its genetic material.

Retroviruses do no follow central dogma of (DNA->RNA->Protein) because their genetic material is not DNA. Instead they have RNA that is converted to DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. It is termed reverse transcription. It was proposed by Temin

(i) While replicating, the entire DNA molecule to keep the whole molecule stabilised does not open in one go because it would be highly expense energetically. Actually un unwidinsg creates tension in the molecule as uncoiled parts.
Actually, unwinding creates tension in the molecule as uncoiled parts starts forming super coils due to the interaction of exposed nucleotides.
(ii) Replication fork: Instead helicase enzyme, acts on the double strand at or site (origin of replication and a small stretch is unzipped. Immediately. It is held and stabilised by single strand binding  protein.
Slowly with the help of enzymes, exposed strands are copied as a point of unwinding moves and ahead in both direction
It gives an appearence of Y-shaped structure which is called replication fork.
The two functions that the monorner units of NTPs play are:
1. They pair up with exposed nucleotides of the template strand and make phosphodiester linkages and release a pyrophosphate.
2. Hydrolysis of his pyrophosphate by enzyme pyrophosphate release energy that will facilitate making hydrogen bonds between free nucleotides and bases of the template strand

Species diversity is the occurrence of variety and abundance of species in community while ecological diversity is the occurrence of different ecosystem and communities in a geographical area.

The meaning of the given words are as given below
Race. It is a classification system used to categorise humans into large and distinct populations or groups
by anatomical, cultural, linguistic, geographical, historical and for religious relationship.
Breed. It is a specificgroup ofdomestic animals or plants having homogenous appearance and behaviour
and other characteristics that distinguish it from other animals or plants of the same species. They were formed through selective breeding.
Cultivar. It is a plant or grouping of plants selected for desirable characteristics that can be maintained by propagation. 'Cultivar' stands for 'cultivated variety'.
Variety. A variety arises naturally in the plant kingdom and plant grown from its seeds will typically come true to type.

Yes,  we agree. As the gene flow occurs through geographical barriers over generations, by studying specific allelic frequencies in various populations of the world, we can predict the human migratory patterns in pre-historic and historic era.
There have been projects undertaken such as human genographics project. Which uses data from studies on specific genes/chromosomes/mitochondrial DNA to trade the evolutionary history and migratory patterns of humans.

1. We are still not clear whether evolution and natural selection are processes or results of some unknown processes.
2. On one hand, when we describe the world as we see today, we describe evolution a process.
3. On the other hand, when we describe life on earth, we treat evolution as a consequences of the process of natural selection.

With the industrial growth in 1920, the white-winged grey-coloured Biston betularia was rapidly replaced by a dark-coloured melanic Biston carbonaria as the later had more chances of survival and favoured by Natural selection. But after 1956, the coal was rapidly replaced by oil and electricity as energy source in the industries which reduced soot deposition. So the light coloured moth is again replacing the dark-coloured moth by reverse evolution.

(a) Arctic tern    
(b) Tiger/Lion    
(c) Aphid    
(d) Chameleon    
(e) Glycosides (in Calotropis).

A diagnostic technique helps to identify or confirm a disorder.
e.g., ELISA is used to diagnose HIV infection.
A therapeutic agent is used to help in the treatment of a disease.
e.q., \(\alpha \)-1 antitrypsin is used to treat emphysema.

Sutton and Boveri noted that the behaviour of chromosomes was parallel to that of genes.
(i) Both genes and chromosomes occur in pairs.
(ii) They segregate during gamete formation and only one member of a pair enters one gamete.
(iii) One pair of genes 'or chromosomes segregates independently of the other pairs.
(iv) Since the number of chromosomes is far less than the number of genes or traits an organism possesses, it is proposed that a number of genes are located on every chromosome.

Incomplete dominance.
It is the phenomenon in which neither of the two alleles of a gene is completely dominant over the other and the \(F_{ 1 }\) hybrid is intermediate between the two parents.
The parental traits appear without blending \(F_{ 2 }\)  in the  generation.
The phenotypic and genotypic ratios of \(F_{ 2 }\)  are same, i.e. 1: 2: 1.
e.g. Inheritance of flower colour in snapdragon.
Codominance:
It is a phenomenon in which two alleles of a gene are equally dominant and the hybrid resembles both the parents.
e.g., The blood group AB is the phenotype of the genotype  the alleles IA and IB express themselves and hence both glycoproteins A and B are present in such an individual and the blood group is AB.

The phenotypes obtained in the progeny fall i'1to a ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 : 1, which is Mendelian dihybrid test cross ratio.
It is a cross between a dihybrid (heterozygous for both traits) and a double recessive plant.
The cross is as follows:

The genotypes of the parents:
TtRr and ttrr
The genotypes of the offspring:
TtRr, Ttrr, ttRr, and ttrr

Meiotic division during oogenesis is different from that of spermatogenesis in the following ways

(i) Unequal cell division makes the ovum much larger than the other three polar bodies. As, ovum has more
cyloplasm and more organelles, it has a better chance of survival.
(ii) The male makes millions of tiny sperms, while the female makes only one egg per month that also arrested for second meiotic division, until just before fertilisation. This is a way of conserving energy.
(iüi) Sperm is smaller and motile as it has to move out of male system to female reproductive system. Larger egg has abundant reserve food, so thal embryo starts developing right after fertilisation.