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CBSE 12th Standard Biology Subject Reproduction in Organisms Ncert Exemplar 5 Marks Questions 2021

Published on: 24/05/2021

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Questions:

Generic 5

5 x 5 = 25

Differentiate between
(i) oestrus and menstrual cycle
(ii) ovipary and vivipary. Give an example for each type.

Do all the gametes formed from a parent organism have the same genetic composition (identical DNA copies of the parental genome)? Analyze the situation with the background of gametogenesis and provide or give a suitable explanation.

Differentiate between
i) estrous and menstrual cycle
ii) oviparity and vivipary.Give an example of each type.

Although sexual Reproduction is a long drawn, energy intensive complex from of reproduction, many groups of organisms in Kindom Animalia and Plantae prefer this mode of reproduction. Give atleast three reasons for this.

Enumerate the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. Describe the types of asexual reproduction exhibited by unicellular organisms.

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Answers Key:

Generic 5

5 x 5 = 25

(i) The differences between oestrous and menstrual cycle are as follows

Oestrous cycle	Menstrual cycle
The cyclic changes in the activities of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as hormones during the reproductive phase of non-primate mammals is called oestrous cycle.	The cyclic changes in the activities of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as hormones during the reproductive phase of primate mammals is called menstrual cycle.
Females show strong irresistible sexual urge.	Females do not show strong irresistible sexual urge.
There is heat production at the time of ovulation and copulation occurs only at that period.	There is no heat production and copulation can occurs during anytime of the cycle.
The shedding of endometrium and bleeding do not occur, e.g. cows, sheep, rats, deers, dogs, tigers, etc.	The shedding of endometrium and bleeding occurs. e.g. monkreys,apes,human,etc.

(ii) The differences between ovipary and vivipary are as follows

Ovipary	Vivipary
In ovipary, female animals lay eggs	In vivipary, female animals give birth to young ones.
The development of zygote takes place outside the female's body.	The development of zygote takes place inside the female's body.
Females lay eggs in a safe place in the environment, but the chances of survival are less, e.g. all birds, most of reptiles and egg laying mammals.	Females deliver young ones and the chances of survival are more, e.g. mammals except monotremes (egg laying mammals).

No, all the gametes formed from a parent organism do not have the same genetic composition.
It can be better understood with the help of the explanation given below: sexual reproduction in organisms involves the fusion of gametes from two different individuals.these gametes are formed by the process of gametogenesis.In the heterogametic species, gametes are of two types, i.e. male and female. Gametes are always haploid though the parent body from which they arise may be either haploid or diploid.
i)A haploid parent like Monera, fungi, algae and bryophytes produce gametes by mitotic division.The number of chromosomes,i.e. the genetic composition remain same after such type of division.
ii)The diploid parent like pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms and most of the animals including human beings produces gametes by meiosis.In such organisms (Diploid), specialized cells undergo meiosis.At the end of meiosis, only one set of chromosomes gets incorporated into each gamete.It means the gametes formed to contain a haploid number of chromosomes in contrast to the number of chromosomes in mother cells.

estrous cycle	menstrual cycle
the cyclic change in the activities of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as hormones during the reproductive phase of non-primate mammals is called oestrus cyclic	The cyclic changes in the activities of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as hormones during the reproductive the phase of primate mammals is called menstrual cycle.
Female show strong irresistible sexual urge.	Female do not show irresistible sexual urge.
There is heat production at the time of ovulation and copulation occurs only at that period.	There is no heat period and population can occur during any time of the cycle.
The shedding of endometrium and bleeding does not occur e.g. cows, sheep, rats, deer, dogs, tigers, etc	The shedding of endometrium and bleeding occur. e.g. monkeys, apes, humans, etc.

ii) Difference between i) oviparity and ii) vivipary are as follows:

oviparity	vivipary
In oviparity, female animals lay eggs.	In vivipary, female animals give birth to young ones
The development of zygote takes place outside the female's body.	The development of zygote takes place inside the female's body.
Female lay eggs in a safe place in the environment, but the chance of survival are less. e.g. all birds, most of the reptiles and egg laying mammals.	Female deliver young ones and the chance of survival are more. e.g. mammals except monotremes (egg-laying mammals)

(i) By sexual reproduction, variation appears in offspring.
(ii) Genetic recombination appears in gametes due to meiosis-I due to process of crossing over.
(iii) Offspring has better chances of survival in changed environment.

(i) Differences between asexual and sexual reproduction

Asexual Reproduction	Sexual Reproduction
1. The process involves only one cell or one parent 2. The whole body of the parent may act as reproductive unit or it can be single cell. 3. The offsprings are genetically similar to parents. (clone) 4. Only mitotic division takes place. 5. No formation of sex organs. 6. No evolutionary significance.	1. This process involves two cells or gametes belonging to either the same or different parents. 2. The reproductive unit is called gamete which is unicellular and haploid. 3. The offsprings differ genetically from parents. 4. Meiosis and mitosis are essential events. 5. Formation of sex organs is essential. 6. It introduces variations hence of evolutionary significance.