Reproductive and Child Health Care Programme tries to address all the aspects of reproductive health. This program focuses on the proper care of the child and the mother. It also promotes the proper use of contraceptives so that family size can be planned and can be limited. This program has been continuous for many decades and has borne good results.

Since the testes are very sensitive to temperature, if they do not descend into the scrotum prior to adolescence, then they will stop producing sperms that will lead to infertility in males, a condition known as cryptorchidism.

(i) Population
(ii) Vasectomy
(iii) Cervical cap
(iv) Castration

Oral contraceptive or pills are either progestogens or progestogen-oestrogen combinations.
They function as contraceptives by
(i) inhibiting ovulation
(ii) inhibiting implantration .
(iii) altering the quality of cervical mucus to prevent or stop the entry of sperm.

The two advantages of lactational amenorrhea as a contraceptive method are mentioned as below:
(i) If the mother is breast feeding completely, she would not ovulate, so chance of conception would be low.
(ii) She would not need to use any pill or devices for birth control. So, there will be no side effects.

1. If pregnancy is likely to produce a congenitally malformed child.
2. In case of rape.
3. Contraceptive failure.
4. Pregnancy is likely to harm the mother.

1. IVF (In Vitro Fertilization)  involves fusion of sperm and ovum in a culture medium outside the female genital tract.It should be performed under following conditions:
(a) Removal of unfertilized ovum from ovary of female or female reproduction tract with a laparoscope.
(b) Ovum is kept in culture medium in an aseptic conditions.
(c) Collection of semen of male in hygienic manner.
(d) Gamates are induced to fuse under simulated conditions to form zygote.
2. ET  (Embryo Transfer)  involves transfer of developing embryo from culture medium into female reproductive tract.It occurs in the presence of following conditions:
(a) Zygote is induced to develop in culture medium.It can implanted upto 32 cells stage into fallopian tube or uterus.
(b) Endometrium is stimulated to proliferate for implantation.

1. Rapid decline in death rate from 44.4 per 1,000 in 1891-1901 to 6.4 per 1,000 in 2001-2011 census due to control to diseases.
2. Decline in MMR and proper health care facilities (Maternal maternity rate) and IMR (infant mortality rate) due to pre-natal and post-natal care measures followed.
3. Increased in longevity and more and people survive up to reproductive age due to better sanitation and community health measures.
4. Increased availability of food grains. 

Like non-medicated IUDs, they increase phagocytosis of sperms and bring about unsuitable changes in the female genital tract.In addition, they suppress sperm motility so that fertilization of ovum does not occur.

Counseling should be provided to students about reproduction related problems as
(i) Students are experiencing physical, physiological and psychological changes during adolescence.
(ii) Students should be guided about harms of early sex, hygiene of reproductive organs and STDs.