1. The explant is grown in a test tube or petridish under sterile conditions in a special nutrient medium.
2. The nutrient medium must provide a carbon source like sucrose, inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids and growth regulators like auxins and cytokinins, etc.
3. The plantlets are then shifted to the soil in the field (Micropropagation).
4. The plants are genetically identical among themselves and also to the plant from which they have been produced; hence they are called somaclones.

A - Collection of germplasm.
B - Cross-hybridization among selected plants
C - Selection and testing of superior recombinants.

Bird flu refers to the illness caused by any of the strains of influenza virus. It has been around for thousands of years that several varieties of the existing virus mutate sufficiently to affect humans.
Fear is intended to be the warning system to protect us against imminent danger and thus, it is justified. However, it can be prevented by practicing good hygiene and by taking some precautions in eating habits of poultry food.

The process of breeding food crops to improve their nutritional quality (particularly) bioavailable micronutrients, is called biofortification. It is a modern pratice being used to confront nutritional deficiencies in diets. While nutrients are traditionally being added to foods in processing stage, biofortification seeks to pack nutrients into stable food which they are growing. Biofortification does not require genetic engineering. It is done by traditional plant breeding techniques

The main steps of hybridization are -
(i) Selection of parents
(ii) Selfing parents (to induce homozygosity)
(iii) Emasculation 
(iv) Bagging
(v) Crossing of desired and Selected plants
(vi) Seed setting and harvesting
Emasculation is the removal of anthers before anthesis (i.e. first opening of flower) to convert bisexual flower into female flower. This is done to avoid self pollination and inbreeding.
Bagging is the process of convering female flowers with bags so that no undesirable pollen may fall on stigma.

The main reasons for low milk production in India are insufficient number of improved breeds and the improper feeding of the cattle. Improved breeds should be increased in number by proper management which include fascilities, processes, materials and labour. Cattle should be fed with proper and balanced feed consisting of appropriate quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and water.

There are insemination centres throughout the country which collect the semen of superior bulls of exotic or indigenous breeds and store in the frozen form to be used at a later date. We should take our cows to these centres for artificial insemination.

(a) Gelatin (b) Agar agar
(c) Nutrients like inorganic salts, vitamins, 2-4% sucrose, amino acid glycine and growth regulators.

a=Wheat b=Pusa Gaurav
c=Bacterial blight d= Chilli mosaic virus and leaf curl.

1. Sugarcane. grown in North India is Saccharm barberi. It has poor yield and poor sugar content.
2. Sugarcane grown in South India is Saccharm officinarum. It has Thicker stem and high sugar content. This species cannot be grown in North Indian conditions.
3. They were successfully cross by plant breeding to obtain hybrid varieties having following desirable characters:
(i) high yield
(ii) Thick stem
(iii) High sugar content
(iv) ability to grow in North-Indian conditions.