With ever increasing population of the world, enhancement of food production is a major necessity. Modern biological principles is applied to animal husbandry and plant breeding have a role in our efforts to increase food production. These modern techniques include embryo transfer technology and tissue culture techniques.
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET) is a programme for herd improvements in animals like cattle, sheep, rabbits, buffaloes, mares, etc.
High milk-yielding breeds of female are breed with high-quality meat-yielding (meat with less lipid) bulls to increase herd size. It ensures good quality of progeny. It is also economic and time-saving process to obtain the desirable progeny.
The procedure for MOET is as follows:
(i) A cow is administered hormones with FSH-like activity to induce follicular maturation and super-ovulation.
(ii) The cow produces 6-8 eggs instead of one egg produced normally.
(iii) It is now, either mated with an elite bull or artificial insemination is carried out.
(iv) When the fertilized eggs attain 8-32 cells stage, they are non-surgicall removed and transferred to a surrogate mother.
(v) The genetic mother can now be again superovulated.
Modern methods in plant breeding involves following:
(i) Tissue culture is an in vitro technique of regeneration of a whole plant from any part of a plant (explant) by growing it on culture medium under aseptic conditions.
(ii) Biofortification is the method for developing crops with higher levels of vitamins, minerals, protein and healthier fats to improve public health.
(iii) Single cell protein is an alternative protein source for animal and human nutrition from certain beneficial microorganisms like Spirulina.

A - Collection of germplasm.
B - Cross-hybridization among selected plants
C - Selection and testing of superior recombinants.

The main reasons for low milk production in India are insufficient number of improved breeds and the improper feeding of the cattle. Improved breeds should be increased in number by proper management which include fascilities, processes, materials and labour. Cattle should be fed with proper and balanced feed consisting of appropriate quantities of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and water.

(a) Gelatin (b) Agar agar
(c) Nutrients like inorganic salts, vitamins, 2-4% sucrose, amino acid glycine and growth regulators.

Pisciculture involves only the culture and rearing of fish whereas aquaculture involves culture and rearing of fish as well as other aquatic organisms such s prawn, oyster, etc. Through these cultures the production of aquatic plants and animals both marine and fresh water have been enormously increased. This has enhanced the economy of our country.