Pisciculture involves only the culture and rearing of fish whereas aquaculture involves culture and rearing of fish as well as other aquatic organisms such s prawn, oyster, etc. Through these cultures the production of aquatic plants and animals both marine and fresh water have been enormously increased. This has enhanced the economy of our country.

Erucic acid is a long chain saturated fatty acid which is not good for human health.

The method of breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals or higher protein and healthier fats is called biofortification. It is one the most important method for improving public health. During recent past, many varieties of crop plants such as rice, carrots, spinach, pumpkin, bathua have been developed which possess several times more nutritive value and vitamins as compared to existing varieties.

(i) Fungal Disease - Rust of wheat,Red rot of sugar cane.
(ii) Bacterial Disease - Citrus canker,Blight of rice
(iii) Viral Disease - Tobacco mosaic,Turnip mosaic

Artificial insemination is the process in which the semen collected from a superior male animal is injected into the reproductive tract of the selected female, using surgical instruments.
Advantages:
(i) Semen can be used immediately or stored/frozen and used at a later date, when the female is in the right reproductive phase.
(il) Semen can be transported in the frozen form to distant places, where the selected female animals are present.
(iii) Semen from one selected male animal can be used on a number of female animals. 

Poultry is the class of domesticated fowl (birds) used for food -either meat or eggs.The birds include chicken,ducks,turkey and geese.

Biotortification refers to breeding of crops to produce varieties with higher levels of nutrients like vitamins, minerals,proteins or healthier fats.
The objective is to improve:
(i) Protein content and quality
(ii) Oil content and quality
(iii) Vitamin content and
(iv) Micronutrient and mineral content.
 Many nutrient-enriched varieties have been produced as given below.

(a) MOET is considered to be a successful programme in cattle breeding, as the chances of successful production hybrids are high; the herd size is increased in a short time.
(b) A superior male that yields high quality meat, i.e. lean meat, with less lipid and a superior female that is high milk yielding are selected.
(c), It is to induce multiple ovulation, i.e. 6-8 eggs instead of one per cycle.

1. Plants obtained through micropropagation are genetically identical among themselves and to the parent plant from which they are produced:hence they are called somaclones.
2.The food plants produced by micropropagation include:Tomato, banana and apple.

Biofortified crops
(i) Vitamin A - enriched carrots or spinach
(ii) Iron and calcium-enriched spinach.
(iii) Protein - enriched beans.
(iv) Vitamin C-enriched bittergourd or mustard.

Totipotency is the property by which each plant cell can grow into a new plant.
Advantages of micropropagation are as follows:
(i) By this method, thousands of plants can be raised in a short duration.
(ii) By culturing the meristems of even virus-infected plants, virus-free (healthy) plants can be raised.
(iii) Since the plants ar/ genetically identical, certain desirable characters can be continued through generations.
(iv) Through somatic hybridisation, hybrids which otherwise cannot be produced, can be raised.

(a) Multiple ovulation Embryo Transfer , (MOET) technology
(b) Steps in MOET technology:
1. A cow is administered hormones with FSH-like activity to induce follicular maturation and superovulation, i.e. instead of one egg, 6-8 eggs are produced per cycle.
2. The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
3. The fertilised eggs are recovered at the 8-32 celled stages, nonsurgically.
4. They are then transferred to surrogate mothers.
5. The genetic mother is available for and her round of superovulation.

1. Saccharum barberi, is the north indian sugar cane, with poor sugar content and yield.
2. saccharam officinarum, is the south indian sugar cane, with thick stems and higher sugar content.
3. The hybird grows in north india too and shows thick stem, high sugar content and yield.

inbreeding