Standardisation of work is the technique of scientific management, which helps in establishing interchangeability of manufactured parts and products.
It is the process of setting standards for every business activity, process, raw materials, time, machinery and methods to achieve efficiency.
Standardisation of product implies that the size, design, quality, shape, etc of the product should meet the requirements and tastes of consumers.
The objective of standardisation are:
(i) To maintain quality standards.
(ii) To set up performance standards for men and machines.
(iii) To provide interchangeability of manufactured parts and products.
(iv) To achieve target production in pre-determined time.

(i) Functional Foremanship
It is extension of principle of division of labour, resulting in specialisation. According to Taylor, a single worker or supervisor cannot be expected to be an expert in all aspects. Thus, he advocated the appointment of eight foremen to guide workers, under planning and production departments.
Under the planning incharge, there are four personnel:
(i) Route clerk 
He is responsible to specify the route of production
(ii) Instruction card clerk 
He is responsible to give instructions to the workers.
(ii) Standardisation and Simplification of work
Standardisation is the process of setting standards for every business activity, process, raw materials, time, machinery and methods, to achieve efficiency.
Standardisation of product implies that the size, design, quality, shape, etc of the product should meet the requirements and tastes of consumers.
The objective of standardisation are:
(i) To maintain quality standards.
(ii) To set up performance standards of men and machines.
(iii) To provide interchangeability of manufactured parts and products.
(iv) To achieve target production in pre-determined time. simplification means eliminating superfluous sizes, varieties and dimensions. Its aim is to:
(a) Eliminate unnecessary diversity of products and thereby reduce costs.
(b) Help in achieving economy in the use of required machines and tools.

(i) Multi-national company was not following the principle of equity as the manager promoted Salman on the grounds that a female will not be able to handle the complications of higher post.
Fayol in his principle clearly stated that the managers should be fair and impartial while dealing with their subordinates. There should be no discrimination on the basis of caste, sex or religion. The principle of equity implies that similar treatment is assured to employees in similar positions.
(ii) (a) Gender equality, fair treatment, equality and impartiality are the values ignored in the lines 'At the time of performance appraisal Nikita was judged better than Salman but the boss promoted Salman ..... higher post'
(b) Values such as, respect for all, impartiality, teamwork and cooperation are missing in the lines 'Salman had the habit of backbiting and wrong reporting about his colleagues to impress his boss'.

(i) Time Study
It determines the standard time taken to perform a well-defined job. Time measuring devices were used to conduct this study. This type of study is helpful in deciding the time required to perform a job. It also helps in determining incentive schemes and labour costs.
(ii) Motion Study
Motion Study refers to an in-depth study of movements of a worker while doing a task. Taylor recognised three types of movements:
(a) Productive   (b) UnProductive   (c) Incidental
The objective of motion study is to eliminate unproductive movements in doing a task to achieve efficiency and reduce the time required to do the task. for this, Taylor used stopwatches and various colours and symbols to idntify productive and unproductive movements of the employees.
(iii) Fatigue Study
Fatigue study seeks to find out the amount and frequency of rest intervals to be given to workers in completing task. This would help the worker to regain his stamina and work with the same efficiency again. It also aims to reduce various causes of fatigue such as long working hours, doing unsuitable work, bad working conditions, etc. The objective of this study is to find out how long a person can perform the standard task without any adverse effects on his health and productivity.
(iv) Method Study
This technique of scientific management is conducted to find out the 'one best method or way' of performing a particular task. The objective of this study is to minimise the cost of production and maximise the quality and satisfaction of the customer.
For this, techniques such as process charts and operations research are used.
(v) Simplification and Standardisation of work
Standardisation is the process of setting standards for every business activity, process, raw materials, time, machinery and methods, to achieve efficiency.
Standardisation of product implies that the size, design, quality, shape, etc of the product should meet the requirements and tastes of consumers.
The objective of standardisation are:
(i) To maintain quality standards.
(ii) To set up performance standards of men and machines.
(iii) To provide interchangeability of manufactured parts and products.
(iv) To achieve target production in pre-determined time. simplification means eliminating superfluous sizes, varieties and dimensions. Its aim is to:
(a) Eliminate unnecessary diversity of products and thereby reduce costs.
(b) Help in achieving economy in the use of required machines and tools.

(i) Principle of 'Equity' is overlooked in the above paragraph. According to Fayol, this principle emphasises kindness and justice in the behaviour of managers towards workers. This will ensure loyalty and devotion.
(ii) Values which are overlooked are:
(a) Equity
(b) Impartiality
(c) Fairness