Gymnosperms resemble with angiosperms in the following features
(i) Presence of well organised plant body which is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves
(ii) Polyembryony (presence of many embryo). The naked ovule develops into seed. The endosperm is haploid and develop before fertilization:
(iii) The life cycle shows alternation of generation. The sporophytic phase is dominant and gametophytic phase is highly reduced.
(iv) Presence of cambium in gymnosperms as in dicotyledons.
(v) Flowers in Gnetum resemble to the angiosperm male flower. The Zygote represent the first cell of sporophyte.
(vi) Presence of integument around the ovule
(vii) Both plant groups produce seeds.
(viii) Pollen tube helps in the transfer of male nucleus in both.
(ix) Presence of Eustele.

1. Members of this group include 'Red algae' and are mostly marine. The thallus is multicellular, macroscopic and diverse in form.
 2. Porphyridium is the unicellular form. Filamentous (Goniotrichum) ribbon like (Porphyra), Corallina and Lithothamnion are heavily impregnated with lime and form coral reefs.
3. Apart from chlorophyll a r-phycoerythrin and r-phycocyanin are the photosynthetic pigments.
4. Asexual reproduction takes place by means of monospores, neutral spores and tetraspores. The storage product is floridean starch.
5. Sexual reproduction is oogamous. Male sex organ is spermatangium which produces spermatium. Female sex organ is called carpogonium.
6. The spermatium is carried by the water currents and fuse with egg nucleus to form zygote.
7. The zygote develops into carpospores. Meiosis occurs during carpospore formation.
8. Alternation of generation is present. Eg: Ceramium, Polysiphonia, Gelidium, Cryptonemia and Gigartina.

1. The members are commonly called 'Green algae'. Most of the species are aquatic (Fresh water - Spirogyra, Marine - Ulva). A few are terrestrial (Trentepohlia).
2. Variation among the shape of the chloroplast is found in members of algae. It is Cup shaped (Chlamydomonas); Discoid (Chara); Girdle shaped (Ulothrix); Reticulate (Oedogonium); Spiral (Spirogyra); Stellate (Zygnema); Plate like (Mougeotia).
3. Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b are the major photosynthetic pigments.
4. Storage bodies called pyrenoids are present in the chloroplast and store starch. They also contain proteins.
5. The cell wall is made up of inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of Pectin.
6. Vegetative reproduction takes place by means of fragmentation and asexual reproduction is by the production of zoospores, aplanospores and akinetes.
7. Sexual reproduction is present and may be isogamous, anisogamous or Oogamous.Eg: Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Chara and Ulva.
  

They are proteinaceous bodies found in chloroplasts of algae and store starch.

F.E. Fritsch, M.O.P. Iyengar, V.S. Sundara Lingam, T.V. Desikachary.

Xylem plates alternate with phloem plates. Eg: Lycopodium clavatum.

1. The whole plant is not recovered as fossils.
2. Instead organs or parts of the extinct plants are obtained in fragments.
3. Hence the term 'form genera' is used to name fossil plants

1. The thallus is differentiated into leaf like photosynthetic part' called frond, a stalk like structure called stipe and a holdfast.
2. Apart from Chlorophylls, Carotenoids and Xanthophylls, a golden brown pigment called fucoxanthin is present.
3. Mannitol and Laminarin are the reserve food materials.

1. He is the father of Indian Palaeobotany.
2. He described fossil plants from Rajmahal Hills of Eastern Bihar.
3. He described many form genera.
Eg : Pentoxylon sahni , Nipanioxylon.

1. The lateral roots of Cycas give rise to vertical branches under the soil.
2. They branch repeatedly to form dichotomously branched coral-like roots called corolloid roots.
3. It contains Blue green algae, Anabaena which helps in Nitrogen fixation.

Yes, the shape of chloroplast is unique for algae.