It is the ultimate method for correction of a acute renal failures. This involves transfer of healthy kidney from one person (donor) to another person with kidney failure.

Urine formation involves three main processes namely, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion.

The efferent arteriole serving the medullary nephron forms bundles of long straight vessel called vasa recta and runs parallel to the loop of Henle. Vasa recta is absent or reduced in cortical nephrons

(a) Urea
(b) Uric acid
(c) Ammonia
(d) Creatinine

Excessive stretch of cardiac atrial cells cause an increase in blood flow to the auricles of the heart and release ANF (Atrial natriuretic peptide or factor) which stimulates the increase Na⁺ excretion. Chemoreceptors like carotid bodies formed in the heart.

Renin, aldosterone and ADH.

Occurs in distal convoluted tubule of nephron potassium is excreted and sodium is absorbed.

Venules, veins of renal vein comes out of hilum of kidneys.

The nitrogenous waste formed as a result of breakdown of amino acids is converted to urea in the liver by the Ornithine cycle or urea cycle

Sensory neurons of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system.

Henle's loop

1. Podocytes end in foot processes found in the openings between the foot processes (Filtration slits).
2. Malpighian body/renal corpuscle.
3. Blood cells like RBCs, WBCs and platelets.

(a) Some nephrons, have very long loop of Henle that run deep into the medulla are called juxtamedullary nephrons which aid in filtration from glomerulus.
(b) Podocytes are the filtration slits.
(c) Sphincters of urinary bladder are internal paired (involuntary) and external paired (Voluntary) control micturition.

1. Renal failure are of two types, Acute, and Chronic renal failure
2. In acute renal failure the kidney stops its function abruptly, but there are chances for recovery of kidney functions.
3. In chronic renal failure there is, a progressive loss of function of the nephrons which gradually decreases the function of kidneys

Nephrons
(i) Functional units of kidneys.
(ii) Consists of head as filtering malpighian body/capsule and a renal tubule.
(iii) Renal tube opens into a longer tubule called collecting duct.
(iv) Malpighian capsule is double walled.
(v) Capsule encloses a glomerulus formed of afferent and efferent arterioles.
(vi) Bowman's cup/capsule and glomerulus are together called as renal capsule.
(vii) The minute apertures called fenestrae are found in endothelium of glomerulus.
(viii) Peripheral layer of capsule is made up of squamous epithelium.
(ix) The visceral layer of capsule is made up of modified epithelial cells called podocytes.
(x) Podocytes end in foot process closer to basement membrane of the glomerulus.
(xi) Filtration slits lie between the foot processes.
(xii) The proximal convoluted tubule(PCT) starts from capsule.
(xiii) PCT is followed by 'U' shaped Henle's loop(HL) found with descending and ascending limbs.
(xiv) Ascending limb opens into distal convoluted tubule(DCT).
(xv) DCT of many nephrons open into a straight tube called collecting duct(CD).
(xvi) CD runs through the renal/medullary pyramids in the site of pelvis of ureter.
(xvii) CDs fuse to form papillary duct(PD).
(xviii) PD delivers urine into the calyces which finally open into pelvis.
(xix) PCT and DCT are found in an outer cortex of kidney.
(xx) HL is found in an inner medulla of kidney.
(xxi) Mostly nephrons of HL are very short and extend into cortical nephrons in peripheral area of medulla.
(xxii) Nephrons with a long loop of HL run deep into medulla and are called Juxta medullary nephrons(JMN).
(xxiii) The first capillary bed of the nephrons is the glomerulus and the other is the peritubular capillaries.
(xxiv) The glomerular capillary bed is supplied by the afferent drained by the efferent arterioles.
(xxv) A fine capillary network around the renal tubule forms peritubular capillaries.
(xxvi) The efferent arteriole serving the JMN forms the bundles of long straight vessel called vasa recta.
(xxvii) The vasa recta runs parallel to the HL.
(xxviii) Vasa recta is absent or reduced in cortical nephrons.