S.no	DNA	RNA
1	Deoxyribose sugar is present	Ribose sugar is present
2	Thymine is present	Uracil is present
3	More stable	Less stable
4	Double stranded	Single stranded
5	Types: A-DNA, B-DNA, Z-DNA	Type: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
6	Genetic material for most of  living organism except few viruses	Genetic material for few viruses only

Aldoses and ketoses are reducing sugars. This means that, when heated with an alkaline solution of copper (II) sulphate (a blue solution called benedict's solution), the aldehyde or ketone group reduces Cu2+ ions to Cu+ ions forming brick red precipitate of copper(I) oxide. In the process, the aldehyde or ketone group is oxidised to a carboxyl group (-COOH). This reaction is used as test for reducing sugar and is known as Benedict's test. The results of benedict's test depends on concentration ofthe sugar. If there is no reducing sugar it remains blue. Sucrose is not a reducing sugar The greater the concentration of reducing sugar, the more is the precipitate formed and greater is the colour change.

S.No	Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DND)	Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
1	Found in chromosomes of the nucleus.	Found in the cytoplasm, in nucleolus and Ribosomes
2	Double stranded structure. Two strands coiled spirally in opposite direction	Single - stranded polynucleotide chains. Strand in RNA coiled on itself and may be united by hydrogen bonds
3	The sugar is deoxyribose.	The sugar is ribose
4	Four nitrogenous bases in it are: 1) Adenine, 2) Guanine, 3) Cytosine, 4) Thymine.	Four nitrogenous bases in it are: 1) Adenine, 2) Guanine, 3) Cytosine, 4) Uracil (i.e) In RNA, thymine is replace by uracil.
5	Purines and pyrimidines occur in equal proportion.	Not occur in equal proportion/ratio.
6	DNA is the hereditary material.	It takes part in protein synthesis
7	Base composition is AfT = G/C = 1.	Do not like DNA.
8	Can replicate and makes it copy.	Cannot replicate, it is made from DNA.
9	Controls structure, metabolism, differentiation and inheritance	Helps in protein synthesis, functions as a messenger and translates message coded in DNA into protein.
10	Very long molecule, with very high molecular weight.	Relatively short molecule with low molecular weight
11	Genetic material in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.	Genetic material only in some viruses
12	It is linear/circular.	It occurs in 3 different forms 1. m-RNA, 2. t-RNA, 3. r-RNA.

Features of DNA:
1. If one strand runs in the 5'- 3' direction, the other runs in 3'- 5' direction and thus are antiparallel (they run in opposite direction). The 5' end has the phosphate group and 3' end has the OH group.
2. The angle at which the two sugars protrude from the base pairs is about 120°, for the narrow angle and 240° for the wide angle. The narrow-angle between the sugars generates a minor groove and the large angle on the other edge generates major groove.
3. Each base is 0.34 nm apart and a complete turn of the helix comprises 3.4 nm or 10 base pairs per turn in the predominant B form of DNA.
4. DNA helical structure has a diameter of 20 A° and a pitch of about 34 A°. X-ray crystal study of DNA takes a stack of about 10 bp to go completely around the helix (360°).
5. Thermodynamic stability of the helix and specificity of base pairing includes
(i) the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases of the double helix
(ii) stacking interaction between bases tend to stack about each other perpendicular to the direction of helical axis. Electron cloud interactions ((Π – Π)) between the bases in the helical stacks contribute to the stability of the double helix.
6. The phosphodiester linkages gives an inherent polarity to the DNA helix. They form strong covalent bonds, gives the strength and stability to the polynucleotide chain.
7. Plectonemic coiling - The two strands of the DNA are wrapped around each other in a helix, making it impossible to simply move them apart without breaking the entire structure. Whereas in paranemic coiling the two strands simply lie alongside one another, making them easier to pull apart.
8. Based on the helix and the distance between each turns the DNA is of three forms - A DNA, B DNA and Z DNA.

Waxes are esters formed between a long chain alcohol and saturated fatty acids.

Component	% of the total cellular mass
Water	70
Proteins	15
Carbohydrates	3
Lipids	2
Nucleic acids	6
Ions	4

tRNA (transfer RNA): Translates the code from mRNA and transfers amino acids to the ribosome to build proteins. It is highly folded into an elaborate 3D structure and comprises about 15% of total RNA. It is also called as soluble RNA.

1. mRNA (messenger RNA)
2. tRNA (transfer RNA)
3. rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

1. Amino acids condense to form peptide. In this process, the carboxylic group of one amino acid joins with the amino group of another amino acid with a loss of water molecule.
2. The bond thus formed is called amide or peptide bond. A chain of two amino acids is called dipeptide, that of three is tripeptide and so on.

The biuret test is used as an indicator of the presence of protein because it gives a purple colour in the presence of peptide bonds (-C- N-). To a protein solution an equal quantity of sodium hydroxide solution is added and mixed. Then a few drops of 0.5% copper (II) sulphate is added with gentle mixing. A distinct purple colour develops without heating.

The sugar in DNA molecule is called 2' - deoxyribose because there is no hydroxyl group at 2' position.

In a enzyme catalysed reaction, the starting substance is the substrate. It is converted to the product. The substrate binds to the specially formed pocket in the enzyme - the active site, this is called lock and key mechanism of enzyme action. As the enzyme and substrate form a ES complex, the substrate is raised in energy to a transition state and then breaks down into products plus unchanged enzyme

1. Adhesion and cohesion property.
2. High latent heat of vaporisation.
3. High melting and boiling point.
4. Universal solvent

S.No	Competitive Inhibitor	Allostreic inhibitor
1	Binds with active site	Binds with some other site except active site
2	Inhibitor shows very close resemblance to the substrate in structural organisation.	Inhibitor shows no resemblance to the substrate.
3	An inhibitor is not a product of metabolic pathway.	An inhibitor is a product or intermediate of metabolic pathway
4	Eg: Malonate is competitive Inhibitor for succinic dehydrogenase.	Eg: Glucose hexokinase glucose\(\rightarrow \) 6, phosphate hexokinase enzyme is inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate.