Marasmus and Kwashiorkor.

The three odoured plastids are Chloroplast, Phaeoplast, Rhodoplast.

Growth in plants can be measured in terms of,
1) Increase in length or girth (roots and stems)
2) Increase in fresh or dry weight
3) Increase in area or volume (fruits and leaves)
4) Increase in number of cells produced.

(i) Phosphorylation - Hexokinase, Phospho fructokinase and glyceraldehyde - 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
(ii) De-Phosphorylation - Phospho glycerate Kinase and Pyruvate Kinase

(i) Group A shows maximum photosynthesis. chlorophyll pigments of the spectrum is (400 - 450 nm), hence the photosynthesis is high.
(ii) Group B will show negligible amount of photosynthesis, because chlorophyll does not absorb any light in this region (500 - 550nm). It reflects green.

(i) Entry of air with high pressure may collapse the tracheal tree.
(ii) The smooth muscles which contract and relax to adjust the diameter of air passage with a typical resistance against airways under normal pressure.

(i) Nephrons of kidneys absorb and reabsorb blood plasma (55%) and handover it to venules of renal vein so that an average blood volume is maintained.
(ii) Oxygenated blood flows in the arterial system expresses the systolic pressure (120mm Hg) to balance the normal blood pressure towards the body organs.

If a person diet does not contain iron, the synthesis of haemoglobin is lowered in bone marrow because each haemoglobin consists of 4 iron atoms to accept 4 O2

Starch and glycogen are branched polysaccharides made up of glucose units. Therefore, they occupy lesser space and are less bulky. Moreover, they can be hydrolysed to glucose whenever required.

(a) A sterile stamen  -   Staminode (b) Stamens are united in one bunch  - Monadelphous (c) Stamens are attached to the petals  - Epipetalous

Homoiomerous	Heteromerous
Algal cells evenly distributed in the thallus	A distinct layer of algae and fungi present

In pycnoxylic the secondary growth in wood is compact with narrow medullary ray. Eg. Pinus

	SapWood (Alburnum)	Heart wood (Duramen)
1.	Living part of the wood.	Dead part of the wood.
2.	It is situated on the outer side of wood	It is situated in the centre part of wood
3.	It is less dark in colour	It is dark in colour
4.	Very soft in nature	Hard in nature
5.	Tyloses are absent	Tyloses are present
6.	It is not durable and not resistant to microorganisms	It is more durable and resists microorganisms

Positron Emission Tomographic Scanning (PET):
1. PET is also computerized imaging technique unlike CT.
2. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine procedure based on the measurement of positron emission from radiolabelled tracer molecules.

Features	Prokaryotes	Mesokaryotes	Eukaryotes
Size of the cell	~1-5\(\mu \)m	\(\sim 5-10\mu m\)	\(\sim 10-100\mu m\)
Nuclear Character	Nucleoid no true nucleus	Nucleus with nuclear membrane	True nucleus with nuclear membrane
DNA	Usually circular without histone proteins	Usually linear but without histone proteins	Usually linear with histone proteins
RNA/Protein synthesis	Couples in cytoplasm	Similar with eukaryotes	RNA synthesis Inside nucleus/Protein synthesis in cytoplasm
Ribosomes	50S+30S	60S+40S	60S+40S
Organelles	Absent	Present	Numerous
Cell movement	Flagella	Gliding and flagella	Flagella and cilia
Organization	Usually single cell	Single and colony	Single, colonial and multicellular
Cell division	Binary fission	Binary fission	Mitosis and meiosis
Examples	Bacteria and Archaea	Dinoflagellate, Protozoa	Fungi, plants and animals

S.no Tissues Functions (1) Simple epithelium
  (a) Squamous:- forming a diffusion boundary
and filtration.
(b) Cuboidal:- Secretion and absorption.
(c) Columnar:- Secretes mucus for protection
by goblet cells.
(d) Pseudo stratified:- Protection, secretion
and absorption. (2) Compound epithelium (a) Striated Squamous:- forms keratinized dry
skin and non-keratinized moist lining of
the oesophagus, mouth, conjunctiva of
eyes and vagina.
(b) Stratified Columnar:- performs pharyngeal,
male urethral and some glandular duct
oriented functions.
(c) Transitional:- protects and stretches of
ureters, urinary bladder and a part of
urethra.

Bryophytes seldom achieve great heights. The possible reasons are:
1. Absence of roots.
2. Materials are transported from cell to cell.
3. Absence of vascular tissues.
4. Absence of cuticle on the plant body.
5. Requirement of external sheet of water for capillary conduction to all parts and transport of male gametes

a	Radical buds	Foliar buds
Differences	Radical buds arises from the lateral roots. Eg. Sweet potato	Foliar buds develop from veins or from margins of the leaves. Eg. Begonia
Similarities	It is a type of adventitious root	It is a type of adventitious root
b	Phylloclade	Cladode
Differences	Presence of series of nodes and internodes. Eg: Casuarina	Presence of one or two internodes only. Eg: Asparagus
Similarities	Phylloclade is a stem modification	Cladode is a stem modification

The fruits are derived from single pistil where the pericarp is fleshy, succulent and differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp. It is subdivided into the following.
(i) Berry: Fruit develops from bicarpellary or multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary. Here the epicarp is thin, the mesocarp and endocarp remain undifferentiated. They form a pulp in which the seeds are embedded. Eg: Tomato, Grapes, Brinjal.

(ii) Drupe: Fruit develops from monocarpellary, superior ovary. It is usually one seeded. Pericarp is differentiated into outer skinny epicarp, fleshy and pulpy mesocarp and hard and stony endocarp around the seed. Eg: Mango, Coconut.

(iii) Pepo: Fruit develops from tricarpellary inferior ovary. Pericarp turns leathery or woody which encloses, fleshy mesocarp and smooth endocarp. Eg: Cucumber, Watermelon, Bottle gourd, Pumpkin.

(iv) Hesperidium:Fruit develops from multicarpellary, multilocular, syncarpous, superior ovary. The fruit wall is differentiated into leathery epicarp with oil glands, a middle fibrous mesocarp. The endocarp forms distinct chambers, containing juicy hairs. Eg: Orange, Lemon.

(v) Pome: It develops from multicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior ovary. The receptacle also develops along with the ovary and becomes fleshy, enclosing the true fruit. In pome the epicarp is thin skin like and endocarp is cartilaginous. Eg: Apple, Pear.

(vi) Balausta: A fleshy indehiscent fruit developing from multicarpellary, multilocular inferior ovary whose pericarp is tough and leathery. Seeds are attached irregularly with testa being the edible portion. Eg: Pomegranate.

(i) The symbiotic association between algae and fungi is called lichens.
(ii) The algal partner is called Phycobiont or Photobiont and the fungal partner is called Mycobiont.
(iii) Algae provide nutrition for fungal partner in turn fungi provide protection and also help to fix the thallus to the substratum through rhizinae.
(iv) Asexual reproduction takes place through fragmentation, Soredia and Isidia. Phycobionts reproduce by akinetes, hormogonia, aplanospore, etc., Mycobionts undergo sexual reproduction and produce ascocarps.
Classification:
(i) Based on the habitat lichens are classified into following types: Corticolous (on Bark) Lignicolous (on Wood) Saxicolous (on rocks) Terricolous (on ground) Marine (on siliceous rocks of sea) Fresh water(on siliceous rock of fresh water).
(ii) On the basis of morphology of the thallus they are divided into Leprose (a distinct fungal layer is absent) Crustose-crust like; Foliose-leaf like; Fruticose-branched pendulous shrub like.
(iii) The distribution of algal cells distinguishes lichens into two forms namely Homoiomerous (Algal cells evenly distributed in the thallus) and Heteromerous (a distinct layer of algae and fungi present)
(iv) If the fungal partner of lichen belongs to ascomycetes, it is called Ascolichen and if it is basidiomycetes it is called Basidiolichen.

(i) R.H.Whittaker, an American taxonomist proposed five kingdom classification in the year 1969.
(ii) The Kingdoms include Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
(iii) The criteria adopted for the classification include cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationship. The merits and demerits are as follows:
Merits:
(i) The classification is based on the complexity of cell structure and organization of thallus.
(ii) It is based on the mode of nutrition.
(iii) Separation of fungi from plants.
(iv) It shows the phylogeny of the organisms.
Demerits:
(i) The kingdom Monera and Protista accommodate both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms, cell wall lacking and cell wall bearing organisms thus making these two groups more heterogeneous.
(ii) Viruses were not included in the system.
 

S.No	Solanaceae	Liliaceae
1.	It belongs to dicotyledons	It belongs to monocotyledons
2.	Habit- mostly annual herbs, shrubs & small trees	Mostly perennial herbs
3.	Root- branched tap root	Adventitious & fibrous
4.	Calyx & corolla present	Only perianth is present
5.	Stamens 5, epipetalous	Stamens 6 arranged in 2 whorls of 3 each.
6.	Bicarpellary, bilocular	Tricarpellary, trilocular
7.	Capsule or berry	Septicidal or loculicidal capsule or a berry

Role of Botanical Garden: 
Botanical Gardens play the following important roles.
1. Gardens have a wide range of species and supply taxonomic material for botanical research.
2. It can integrate information of diverse fields like Anatomy, Embryology, Phytochemistry, Cytology, Physiology and Ecology.
3. Act as a conservation centre for diversity, rare and endangered species.
4. It offers annual list of available species and a free exchange of seeds.
5. Botanical garden gives information about method of propagation, sale of plant material to the general public.

	Secondary Growth in Dicot Stem	Secondary Growth in Root
1.	The cambial ring formed is circular in cross section from the beginning.	The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
2.	The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium)and partially secondary (Interfascicular cambium) in origin.	The cambial ring is completely secondary in origin.
3.	Generally, periderm originates from the cortical cells (extrastelar in origin).	Generally, periderm originates from the pericyle. (intrastelar in origin)
4.	More amount of cork is produced as stem is above the ground	Generally, less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
5.	Lenticels of periderm are prominent.	Lenticels of periderm are not very prominent.

Stethoscope is a medical device used to hear the internal sounds of the human body such as heart beat, sounds due to inhalation and exhalation of air in the lungs, stomach, intestinal movements and also foetal movements.
Clinical significance of stethoscope:
1. Stethoscope helps to find the normal and abnormal heart beat sounds and also to diagnose valve functions.
2. It helps to diagnose lung diseases such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema, bronchitis and pleuritis.
3. Stethoscopes along with sphygmomanometer are used to read the blood pressure.
4. It outlines the status of cardiac, respiratory and intestinal disorders.

S.No.	Aggregate fruit	Multiple fruit
1	Aggregate fruits develop from a single fl ower having an apocarpous pistil. each of the free carpel develops into a simple fruitlet. A collection of simple fruitlets makes an Aggregate fruit. An individual ovary develops into a drupe, achene, follicle or berry	A Multiple or composite fruit develops from the whole infl orescence along with its peduncle on which they are borne
2	Eg: Polyalthia	Eg: Pineapple

1. The thallus is differentiated into leaf like photosynthetic part' called frond, a stalk like structure called stipe and a holdfast.
2. Apart from Chlorophylls, Carotenoids and Xanthophylls, a golden brown pigment called fucoxanthin is present.
3. Mannitol and Laminarin are the reserve food materials.