Bryophyte	Method of vegetative propagation
1. Anthoceros	- Tubers
2. Marchantia	- Gemmae
3. Riccia	- Fragmentation

Zoospores	Eg: Ulothrix.
Aplanospore	Eg: Vaucheria..
Autospore	Eg: Chlorella.
Hypnospore	Eg: Chlamydomonas nivalis

They are proteinaceous bodies found in chloroplasts of algae and store starch.

In pycnoxylic the secondary growth in wood is compact with narrow medullary ray. Eg. Pinus

Xylem plates alternate with phloem plates. Eg: Lycopodium clavatum.

(i) Vegetative reproduction takes place by means of fragmentation and asexual reproduction is by the production of zoospores, aplanospores and akinetes. 
(ii) Sexual reproduction is present and may be isogamous, anisogamous or Oogamous.
(iii) Examples for this group of algae includes ChlorelIa, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Charaand Ulva.

(i) A large amount of dead thallus of Sphagnum gets accumulated and' compressed, hardened to form peat. In northern Europe peat is used as fuel in commercial scale (Netherlands).
(ii) Apart from this Nitrates, brown dye and tanning materials are derived from peat.
(iii) Sphagnum and peat are also used in horticulture as packing material because of their water holding capacity.
(iv) Marchantia polymorpha is used to cure pulmonary tuberculosis.
(v) Sphagnum, Bryum and Polytrichum are used as food.
(vi) Bryophytes play a major role in soil formation through succession and help in soil conservation.

1. Seeds of monocotyledonous plants contain only one cotyledon.
2. Leaves show parallel venation.
3. Flowers are trimerous.
4. These plants have fibrous root system.

S.No.	Microsporophyll	Megasporophyll
1.	It bears microsporangia	It bears megasporangia.
2.	It contains numerous microspores.	It usually contains one megaspore.
3.	Microspores are released.	Megaspores are retained inside megasporangium.

Yes, the shape of chloroplast is unique for algae.

S.No	Shapes	Examples
1	Cup shaped	Chlamydomonas
2	Discoid	Chara
3	Girdle shaped	Ulothrix
4	Reticulate	Oedogonium
5	Spiral	Spirogyra
6	Stellate	Zygnema
7	Plate like	Mougeotia/td>

1. Chlorophyceae commonly called as green algae.
2. Mostly aquatic (fresh water or marine), few terrestrial.
3. Shape of chloroplast differs. It may be cup shaped (Chlamydomonas) or girdle-shaped or reticulate, or stellate etc.
4. Chlorophyll 'a' and 'b' are photosynthetic pigments.
5. Pyrenoids store starch & also proteins.
6. Outer cell wall is made of pectin and inner is cellulose.
7. Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation.
8. Asexual reproduction by zoospores, aplanospores and akinetes.
9. Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous.
e.g., Chlamydomonas, Volvox and Spirogyra

Sexual reproduction in algae are of three type
1. Isogamy: Fusion of morphologically and Physiologically similar gametes e.g., Ulothrix.
2. Anisogamy: Fusion of either morphologically or physiologically dissimilar gametes e.g., Pandorina
3. Oogamy: Fusion of both morphologically and physiologically dissimilar gametes. e.g., Sargassum. ,
The life cycle shows distinct alternation of generation

Gymnosperms are naked seed bearing plants.
Salient features of Pteridophytes:
1. Plant body is sporophyte (2n) and it is the' dominant phase. It is differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
2. Roots are adventitious.
3. Stem shows monopodial or dichotomous branching.
4. Leaves may be microphyllous or megaphyllous.
5. Stele is protostele but in some forms siphonostele is present (Marsilea).
6. Tracheids are the major water conducting elements but in Selaginella vessels are found.
7. Sporangia, spore bearing bag like structures are borne on special leaves called sporophyll. The sporophylls gets organized to form cone or strobilus. Eg: Selaginella, Equisetum .
8. They may be homosporous (produce one type of spores-Lycopodium) or Heterosporous (produce two types of spores-Selaginella). Heterospory is the origin for seed habit.
9. Development of sporangia may be eusporangiate I (development of sporangium from group of initials) or leptosporangiate (development of sporangium from single initial).
10. Spore mother cells undergo meiosis and produce spores (n).
11. Spore germinates to produce haploid, multicellular green, cordate shaped independent gametophytes called prothallus.
12. Fragmentation, Resting buds, root tubers and adventitious buds help in Vegetative reproduction.
13. Sexual reproduction is Oogamous. Sex organs, namely antheridium and archegonium are produced on the prothallus.
14. Antheridium produces spirally coiled and multi flagellate antherozoids.
15. Archegonium is flask-shaped with broad venter and elongated narrow neck. The venter possesses egg or ovum and neck contain neck canal cells.
16. Water is essential for fertilization. After fertilization a diploid zygote is formed and undergoes mitotic division to form embryo.
17. Pteridophytes show apogamy and apospory.

Gymnosperms are naked seed bearing plants.
Salient features of Gymnosperms:
1. Most of the gymnosperms are evergreen woody trees or shrubs. Some are lianas (Gnetum).
2. The plant body is sporophyte and is differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
3. A well developed Tap root system is present. Coralloid Roots of Cycas have symbiotic association with blue green algae. In Pinus the roots have mycorrhizae.
4. The stem is aerial, erect and branched or unbranched (Cycas) with leaf scars.
5. In conifers two types of branches namely branches of limited growth (Dwarf shoot) and Branches of unlimited growth (Long shoot) is present.
6. Leaves are dimorphic, foliage and scale leaves are present. Foliage leaves are green, photosynthetic and borne on branches of limited growth. They show xerophytic features.
7. The xylem consists of tracheids but in Gnetum and Ephedra Vessels are present.
8. Secondary growth is present. The wood may be Manoxylic (Porous, soft, more parenchyma with wide medullary ray -Cycas) or Pycnoxylic (compact with narrow medullary ray-Pinus).
9. They are Heterosporous. The plant may be monoecious (Pinus) or dioecious (Cycas).
10. Microsporangia and Megasporangia are produced on Microsporophyll and Megasporophyll respectively.
11. Male and female cones are produced.
12. Anemophilous pollination is present.
13. Fertilization is siphonogamous and pollen tube helps in the transfer of male nuclei
14. Polyembryony (presence of many embryo) is Present. The naked ovule develops into seed The endosperm is haploid and develop before fertilization.
15. The life cycle shows alternation of generation. The sporophytic phase is dominant and gametophytic phase is highly reduced.