Arms and ammunition and allied items of defence equipment, defence aircraft and warships,
1. Atomic energy
2. Coal and lignite
3. Mineral oils
4. Minerals specified in the Schedule to the Atomic Energy (Control of Production and Use) Order, 1953
5. Railway transport

i. Departmental undertakings is the form of public enterprises which is most suitable for projects related to National Security
ii. Because Strategic industries like defence and atomic power cannot be better managed other than government departments.
iii. Department undertakings can maintain secrecy in their working.

(i) Private sector enterprises :
i. Sole Proprietors:Designers, Developers, Plumbers and Repairmen
ii. Partnerships: Legal, Accounting, Tax
(ii) Global enterprises:
i. Coca Cola
ii. Colgate Palmolíve
(iii) Public enterprises:
i. Indian Railways
ii. All India Radio

A departmental undertaking is established either as a separate full - fledged ministry or as a major sub-division of a ministry (i.e. department) of the Government.

(i) Departmental undertakings
(ii) Statutory corporations
(iii) Government company
(iv) Board organisation

A "Government Company" is defined under Section 2(45) of the Companies Act, 2013 as "any company in which not less than 51% of the paid-up share capital is held by the Central Government, or by any State Government or Governments, or partly by the Central Government and partly by one or more State Governments, and includes a company which is a subsidiary company of such a Government company".

(i) Department form of organisation of managing state enterprises is the oldest form of organisation. In those days, no distinction was made between the routine functions of the Government and that of the public enterprises.
(ii) Under departmental form of organisation, a public enterprise is run as a separate full-fledged ministry or as a major subdivision of a department of the Government.
(iii) The Delhi Milk Scheme, All India Radio, Doordarshan are other examples of departmental undertakings.

1. Departmental organisations - Indian Railways, Food and Public distribution.
2. Public organisations - Food Corporation of India FCI, ONGC, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation.
3. Government companies - Steel Authority of India Ltd, Tamilnadu Transport Corporation.
4. Board organisations - Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board.

There are 4 organisations that come under public sector. They are
i. Departmental organisations
ii. Public organisations
iii. Government companies
iv. board organisations

Following are the areas where the state or central ownership is a preferred form of business organisation:
1. the place where raw materials are available
2. the place where suitable workers are found
3. the place where transportation facilities like roadways, railways, shipping and airways are readily available.
4. The place where political stability is determined.

S.No	Public sector	Private sector
(i)	Service motive-with twin goal-achieve economic development with democratic values and economic equality.	Profit motive-maximise the profits.
(ii)	Sufficient, unlimited resources. Successful in mobilising savings through banks, bonds, etc.	Limited resources. The private sector is not successful in mobilising the resources of the country or from foreign. countries for the economic development.
(iii)	Checks concentration of economic power in the hands of few.	Leads to concentration of economic power in the hands of few individuals.
(iv)	Develop those sectors which are neglected by the private sector.	Develop those industries/ sector in which risk is less and returns is more.
(v)	Preserves national wealth.	Exploitation of natural resources like forests, mines, etc., for personal advantage.
(vi)	Brings in balanced growth; starts industries in backward areas.	Do not establish industries in backward areas.
(vii)	Heavy, basic and defence industries are reserved for public sector.	Consumer goods industries, agriculture are in private sector.
(viii)	Consumer welfare is considered important. They are supplied goods and services at cheaper prices.	Consumers are exploited.
(ix)	Model employer. Solves unemployment problem to a great extent.	Exploitation of employees. Welfare of employees neglected.
(x)	The management of public sector industries are managed by civil servants. They lack efficiency/skill to run public enterprises on commercial lines.	Technical qualification and experience of private owners is used for efficient management of private sector enterprises.

The disadvantages of Government company:
(i) Board of directors packed with 'Yes-Men':
On the Board of Directors of a government company, there are Government appointed directors (Government being the major shareholder); who are 'yes-men' of the Government. They are unable to run the company, in a business like manner.
(ii) Autonomy only in name:
Independent character of a Government company exists only in name. In reality, politicians, ministers, Government officials, interfere excessively in the day-to-day working of the government company.
(iii) A Fraud on companies act and constitutions:
A Government company is criticised as being a 'fraud on the companies act and on the constitution. This criticism is valid on the ground that the Government can exempt a Government company, from application of several provisions of the companies act. Again, the Parliament is not taken into' confidence, while creating a Government company.
(iv) Fear of exposure:
The annual report of the government company is placed before the Parliament/ State Legislature. The working of the company is exposed to press criticism: Therefore, management of the Government company often gets demoralized and may not take initiative to come out with and implement something innovative.
(v) Lack of expertise in deputationists:
The key personnel of a Government company are often deputed from Government departments. These deputationists generally lack expertise and commitment; leading to lower operational efficiency of the government company.
(vi) Selfish functioning:
The Government company works neither for the government nor for the public at large. It serves the personal interests of people who work in the company and who dictate policies of the company

The advantages of Government Company are:
Easy formation:
A Government company can be easily formed under the Companies Act, just by an executive decision of the government.
Internal autonomy:
A government company can manage its affairs independently. It is relatively free from ministerial control and political interference, in its day-to-day functioning.
Private participation:
Through Government company device, the government can avail of the management skills, technical know how and expertise of the private sector and foreign countries. For example, the Hindustan Steel Limited has obtained technical and financial assistance from the U.S.S.R., West Germany and the U.K.for its steel plants at Bhilai, Rourkela and Durgapur.
Easy to alter:
Objectives and powers of the Government company can be changed by simply altering the Memorandum of Association of the company, without seeking the approval of the Parliament.
Discipline:
The Government company is subject to provisions of the Companies Act; which keeps the management of the company active, alert and disciplined.
Professional management:
A Government company can employ professionally qualified managers; because it has its own personnel policies.
Public accountability:
The Annual Report of a Government company is presented to the Parliament/State Legislature. These reports can be discussed and debated there.

1. For attract the people, they can change the buses with new facilities.
2. Wi-fi facilities can be provided.
3. New painted buses with luxury can run.
4. Air condition facilities can apply.
5. At low cost they can run the bus.
6. New engine can introduce for control of air problems.
7. The government has the power of control the buses. So they can provide subsidy facilities to the people to attract.
8. Buses can be remodelling with new ideas among the people.
9. Can adopt new innovations to attract the people.
10. Tickets cost may be reduced.