Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): It is the ratio of Cash reserves with the RBI kept by Scheduled banks in proportion to the Total Time and Demand Liabilities with them.

Crossing of a cheque refers to drawing two transverse parallel lines with or without any words. The lines are drawn on the face on the left top comer. A crossing is an instruction to a banker not to pay the cheque across the counter of the bank but to pay to a bank only or to the credit in the account of the payee.

Flights from a point in one country to a point of different country are known as international flights.

Dock Receipt is an acknowledgement of receipt of goods issued by dock authorities to the owner of the goods. It is the right of taking of delivery of goods cannot be transferred.

The Hebrew and Latin literature, archaeological remains in Aden, Alexandria, Java, Sumatra and even China adds support to the trade network in Pandiya Country.

Official capital includes RBI's holdings of foreign currency and special drawing rights (SDR) held by the Government.

(i) Business refers to those activities, which are connected with production, purchase and sale of goods or supply of services with the main object of earning profits.
(ii) People engaged in business are called businessman. They earn income in the form of Profits.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). GATT was a multilateral treaty. It laid down rules and regulations for conducting international trade.

Export and Import Bank is one of the specialised financial institutions wholly owned by Government of India was set up in the year 1982 for financing, facilitating and promoting foreign trade of India. It is popularly called as EXIM Bank.

The factor is an agent who buys the accounts receivables (Debtors and Bills Receivables) of a firm and provides finance to a firm to meet its working capital requirements.

High credit standing of a sole trader refers to his prompt repayment of loans borrowedn from creditors. Sothat he canborrow more funds fromcreditors to expand his business activities.
(i) Increase in sales: Since the sole trader gets more funds from his creditors due to his credit standing he can satisfy the requipements of his regular consumers based on their tastes, preferences, likes and dislikes, etc., whereby the sole trader can increase the sales in his business.
(ii) Smooth running of the business: When adequate funds are there ill a sole trading business then the sole trader can avoid the various hindrances in his business and also he is able to solve his employees problems in business. So that the sole trader can run his business very smoothly without any difficulty.
(iii) Inexpensive management: Due to high credit standing of the sole trader he can effectively manage his capital in a prudent way and can avoid wastage [OR] unnecessary expenses in the business which will lead to inexpensive management.
(iv) Efficiency: Better financial performance by way of good profitability condition in sole trading business and achieving the desired results in the business by constant hardwork leads to efficiency in sole trading concern.
(v) Threat of loss: Fear of loss always cautions the sole trader's credit standing and acts as a stimulant for hard work and effective management of funds borrowed.
(vi) Flexibility: A sole trader can change. his nature. of business according to the prevailing market situations and grab up the business opportunities through his capital investment.
Conclusion: Finally to conclude, high credit standing of a sole trader leads to efficiency in his business. More funds borrowed may be used in a wise way in sole trading business.

The FII can be defined as an investment made by a Non-resident in equity of domestic company without intention of acquiring management control. FIls are the investments made by an individual investor or an investment fund, into the financial markets of another nation. Organisations like hedge funds, insurance companies, pension funds and mutual funds can be called as institutional investors. Foreign Institutional Investors play a very important role in Indian economy. From 1992, Foreign Institutional Investors (FIls) have been allowed to invest in all securities traded on the primary and secondary markets, including shares, debentures, and warrants issued by companies. Over 1450 foreign institutional investors have registered their names with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), the regulator for the securities market in India.

Role of Ministers or governments to frame the policies for the success of public enterprises.
1. The ministers or governments encourage to start multinational companies.
2. It is easy to form in our country.
3. The economic policy is favourable to the multi-nation corporations.
4. The national income will increase by starting MNCs in India.
5. At low cost the products to be produced and sold to people with minimum range of profits.
6. Tax relaxation can be permitted because the Government allowed to start business.
7. Tax revenue can be increased to the Government.
8. New technologies can be imported from developed countries.
9. Culture can be improved among the people.
10. Communication may be developed.

1. For attract the people, they can change the buses with new facilities.
2. Wi-fi facilities can be provided.
3. New painted buses with luxury can run.
4. Air condition facilities can apply.
5. At low cost they can run the bus.
6. New engine can introduce for control of air problems.
7. The government has the power of control the buses. So they can provide subsidy facilities to the people to attract.
8. Buses can be remodelling with new ideas among the people.
9. Can adopt new innovations to attract the people.
10. Tickets cost may be reduced.

Ocean transport may be divided into two broad categories.
a) Coastal shipping :
Coastal shipping constitutes an important means of transport in all countries having a long coastline. It is a cheap means of transport for the movement of bulky cargoes like coal, iron ore etc. to domestic ports of country. Usually, coastal shipping trade of· a country is reserved for national shipping. In India, Coastal shipping trade is now exclusively reserved for Indian ships.
b) Overseas shipping :
It means the passengers and goods have to cross ocean. Example India export goods to America.

Disadvantages:
(i) Economic dependence:
(1) International Trade is more likely to make the country too much dependent on imports from foreign countries.
(2) The former may not take any efforts to produce goods and services indigenously to substitute imported goods and becoming self sufficient.
(3) As a result, the importing country may become economically slave to exporting country and end up becoming colony of exporting country.
(ii) Inhibition of growth of home countries:
(1) International business may discourage the growth of indigenous industries.
(2) Unrestricted imports and severe competition from foreign companies may ruin the home industries altogether.
iii) Import of Harmful Goods:
International business may lead to import of luxurious goods, spurious goods, dangerous goods, etc. It may harm the well-being of people.
(iv) Shortage of essential goods in home country:
Moreover, the export of essential commodities out of the greed of earning more foreign exchange may result in an absolute shortage of these goods at home country and people may have to buy these commodities at an exorbitant price in the local market
(v) Misuse of natural resources:
(1) Excessive export of scarce natural resources to various countries across the world may lead to faster depletion of the resources.
(2) This in turn may bring about ecological disaster in the country from which it is exported.
(vi) Political exploitation:
(1) International business may create economic dependence among the countries which may threaten their political independence.
(2) The MNC s may influence the policy decision of the government to their favour.
(3) In due course of time they may dictate terms to administrators of nation by the strength of their money power.
(4) For Example Britishers came to many countries as mere traders and ultimately colonized those countries and ruled them for centuries.
(vii) Rivalry among the nations:
(1) Acute competition for exports may lead to rivalry among the nations.
(2) This may lead to conflict of interest among the countries, and end up in wars among them.
(viii) Invasion of culture:
(1) International business may result in invasion of country's culture.
(2) Younger generation is more likely to imitate foreign culture and buy goods and services beyond their means to gain acceptance in the affluent section of society.
(3) This will ruin the conventional life style of the society.

(i) Costly and difficult to form:
(1) Number of legal formalities must be observed in the formation of the company.
(2) To observe these legal formalities,promoters have to spend much time and money.
(ii) Scope for dishonest and unscrupulous management:
(1) The directors manage the company with the help of paid officers.
(2) If the directors are dishonest,they may make the personal gain at the expense of the company.
(iii) Management oligarchy:
(1) A few rich persons may secure control over the affairs of the company.
(2) Thus, the management of a joint stock company might become oligarchic in character.
(iv) Speculation:
A few individuals may corner the shares to gain control over the company.
(v) Lack of interest:
(1) The officers of the company do not have the incentive to work hard.
(2) They are not usually' inclined to take risks. They lack initiative.
(vi) Lack of good labour relations:
(1) In sole trading business personal supervision is possible.
(2) But in company form of organization, there is lack of personal contact between owners and workers.
(vii) High taxation: 
Joint stock companies have to pay tax at higher rates compared to other forms of organizations

(a) Analytical Industry :
Analytical Industries analyses and separates different elements from the same materials, as in the case of oil refinery.
(b) Genetic Industry: 
(1) These Industries remain engaged in breeding plants and animals for their use in further production.
(2) The seeds nursery companies, poultry, dairy, piggery, hatcheries, nursery, fisheries, apiary, etc. are classic examples of genetic industries.
(c) Construction Industry:
These Industries are involved in the construction of Buildings, Dams, Bridges, Roads, as well as tunnels and Canals.
d) Extractive Industries:
These industries extract or draw out products from natural sources. Extractive industries supply some raw materials that are mostly products of geographical and natural environment.

A Departmental Store is a large retail establishment offering a wide variety of products, classified into well defined departments
Features:
(i) Large Size:
1. A Departmental store is a large scale retail showroom requiring large capital investment by forming a joint stock company managed by a board of directors.
2. There is a Managing Director assisted by a general manager and several department managers.
(ii) Wide Choice :
It acts as a universal provider of a wide range of products from low priced to very high expense goods e.g. pin to Car to satisfy all the expected human needs under one roof.
(iii) Departmentally organised:
1. Goods offered for sale are classified into various departments.
2. Each department specialises in one line of product and operates as a separate unit.
(iv) Facilities provided:
It provides a number of facilities and services to the customers such as restaurant, rest rooms, recreation, packing, free home delivery, parking, etc.
(v) Centralised purchasing:
All the purchases are made centrally and directly from the manufacturers and operate separate warehouses whereas sales are decentralised in different departments.

1. The business of the Joint Hindu Family is controlled and managed under the Hindu law.
2. All the affairs of a Joint Hindu Family are controlled and managed by one person who is known as 'Karta' or Manager'.
3. The Karta is the senior most male member of the family.
4. The members of the family have full faith and confidence in Karta.
5. Only Karta is entitled to deal with outsiders.
6. But other members can deal with outsiders only with the permission of Karta.
7. In a joint family firm, only Karta has the implied authority to enter into a contract for debts and pledge the property of the firm for the ordinary purpose of the businesses of the firm.
8. Except the Karta, the liability of all other members is limited to their shares in the business.
9. The Karta is not only liable to the extent of his share in the business but his separate property is equally attachable and amount of debt can be recovered from his personal property.

(i) Storage:
(1) There is a time gap between the time of production and the time of consumption and also between quantity produced and the quantity demanded.
(2) The surplus goods are stored properly for the purpose of supplying them at right place and the right time.
(ii) price stabilization :
(1) Warehousing ensures price stabilization by supplying goods as and when demanded.
(2) It acts as a cushion to absorb price fluctuations and supplies the goods at more or less uniform prices throughout the year.
(iii) Equalization of Demand and Supply:
(1) Warehousing equalizes the demand and supply of goods by storing the goods when they are not demanded and releasing them when there is a demand.
(2)Thus the consumers get the commodities regularly even during the off-season periods.
(iv) Business Finance:
Based on the goods deposited in a warehouse, the depositor can get finance from banks and other financial institutions by showing the receipt issued by the warehouse keeper.
(v) Risk bearing:
(1) In case of damage to the goods, warehouse keeper compensates the loss caused to the owner of the goods.
(2) Thus, warehouses bear the loss of risk involved in storage of goods.
(vi) Preparation for sale:
(1) Modern warehouses undertake the functions of sorting, packing and labeling for the purpose of making the goods suitable for marketing. 
(2) Hence warehousing is needed for making the goods suitable for sale.
(vii) Widening the marketing area:
A manufacturer can sell the goods to different marketing areas by establishing branch warehouses or taking the service of rental warehouses at the required places. Thus warehousing widens the market for the goods.
(viii) Value added services:
(1) Warehouses also provide certain value added services, such as in transit mixing, grading, packaging and labelling.
(2) Sometimes, goods are repacked and labelled again at the time of inspection by prospective buyers.

1. Yes. If the members of the managing committee are corrupt they can swindle the funds of the co-operative society.
2. Many cooperative societies have faced financial troubles and closed down because of corruption and misuse of funds.
3. Co-operative societies give loans only for productive purposes and not for personal or family expenses.
4. Therefore the rural poor continue to depend on the money lenders for meeting expenses of marriage, medical care, social commitments, etc.
5. Co-operatives have not been successful in freeing the rural poor from the clutches of the money lenders.
6. The members of the managing committee may not have the required qualification, skill or experience. Since it has limited financial resources, its ability to compensate its employees is also limited.
7. Therefore it cannot employ the best talent. Lack of managerial skills results in inefficient management, poor functioning and difficulty in achieving objectives

Retail trade is a trade that deals with the distribution of goods in small quantities to the end consumers. A retailer has been defined as "a trading intermediary engaged in the distribution of goods to the ultimate consumer".
Following are the characteristics of retail traders :
(i) Retailer generally involves dealing in a variety of items. A retailer makes purchases from producer or wholesalers in bulk for sale to the end consumer in small quantities.
(ii) Retail trade is normally carried on in or near the main market area.
(iii) Generally, retailers involve buying on Credit from Wholesalers and selling for cash to Consumers.
(iv) A retailer has indirect relation with the manufacturer (through wholesalers) but a direct link with the consumers

The functions of RBI can be grouped into under three heads.
(i) Leadership and supervisory functions
(ii) Traditional functions; and
(iii) Promotional functions
Leadership and Supervisory Functions:
RBI being the banking institutional head of India has to be a part of global institutions. It has to transform the quality and size of banks in India to the level of banks in developed countries.
a) India's Representative in World Financial Institutions:
In order to maintain consistency and harmony with international banking standards the RBI is associated with Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS, Switzerland) since 1997. RBI represents Government of India in International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD i.e. World Bank) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) in which India is a member since December 27, 1945.
Traditional Functions:
a) Banker and Financial Advisor to the Government:
The RBI accepts money into the Central and State Governments' accounts and make payments on their behalf. It manages Government debt and is responsible for issue of new loans.
b) Monopoly of Note Issue:
The RBI is the sole authority for the printing and issue of all currency notes in India except one rupee note. It is the duty of the RBI to ensure that sufficient number of good quality currency notes is available to the public.
Promotional Functions :
The RBI performs a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives.
a) Nurturing Banking Habits among the Public:
It protects the depositors' interest and aim at providing cost-effective banking services in order to include more people to avail banking services. It has also taken up the task of extending the banking system territorially and functionally to the unbanked areas.
b) Grievance Settlement Measures:
RBI has appointed 20 (up to 2017) Banking Ombudsman in 20 state capitals. Banking Ombudsman Scheme is a speedy and inexpensive forum for resolution of customer complaints relating to certain services rendered by banks in India.

(i) Banker and financial advisor to the government
(ii) Monopoly of note issue
(iii) Banker's bank
(iv) Controller of credit and liquidity

A few examples of multinational companies are:
(i) Unilever Limited: It is a British company that has subsidiaries and branches in several countries.
(ii) Union Carbide: It is an American company, which has plants and subsidiaries in several countries including India.
(iii) International Business Machine (IBM): It is an American company having branches in several countries.
(iv) Philips: It is a Dutch Company having a subsidiary company called Philips India (Now Pieco Electricals Co) in India.
(v) Coca-Cola Corporation: It is an American company manufacturing and selling soft drinks in several countries.

Since the capital is contributed by one individual only, business operations have necessarily to be on a limited scale. 

Passport, Driving Licence, Voters,Identity Card, PAN Card, Aadhar Card issued by UIDAI and NREGA Job tard are the notified documents for the proof of identity.

IRDAI - Insurance Regulatory Development and Authority is the statutory, independent and apex body that governs, regulates and supervises the Insurance Industry in India. It was constituted in the year 2000 by Parliament of India Act called IRDAI Act, 1999. Presently IRDAI headquarters is in Hyderabad.

A foreign company means a company which is incorporated in a country outside India under the law of that country. After the establishment of business in India, the following documents must be filed with the Registrar of Companies within 30 days from the date of establishment.
1. A certified copy of the charter or statutes under which the company is incorporated, or the Memorandum and articles of the company translated into English.
2. The full address of the registered office of the company.
3.  A list of directors and secretary of the company.
4. The name and address of any person resident of India who is authorised to accept, on behalf of the company, service of legal process and any notice served on the company.
5. The full address of the company's principal place of business in India.

There are 4 organisations that come under public sector. They are
i. Departmental organisations
ii. Public organisations
iii. Government companies
iv. board organisations

i. Local Area Bank (LAB) scheme was introduced by the RBI in August 1996.
ii. LABs are small private sector banks established in rural and semi-urban areas.
iii. Each bank serves two or three adjoining districts only.
iv. Examples: Coastal Local Area Bank, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh

Liability:
Except the Karta, the liability of all other members is limited to their shares in the business. The Karta is not only liable to the extent of his share in the business but his separate property is equally attachable and amount of debt can be recovered from his personal property.

Warehouse warrant	Warehouse receipt
1. It is a document of title of goods.	1. It is not a document of title of goods.
2. It is not only an acknowledgment for the receipt of goods but also gives an authority to get delivery of goods by the owner or by third party.	2. It is only an acknowledgment for the receipt of goods.
3. It can be negotiated or transferred to others.	3. It cannot be transferred to others.
4. It can be given a collateral security for getting financial assistance.	4. It cannot be given as collateral security.
5. Delivery of goods effected by surrendering this warrant with endorsement.	5. Delivery is effected by surrendering this receipt with letter  from depositor.