(i) Software Cracking
(ii) Password Cracking.

(i) Duplicating and selling copyrighted programs
(ii) Downloading software illegally through network.

Stealing tiny amounts of money from each transaction.

Computer ethics deals with the procedures, values and practices that govern the process of consuming computer technology and its related disciplines without damaging or violating the moral values and beliefs of any individual, organization or entity.

A cookie is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer memory (Hard drive) by the user's web browser while the user is browsing internet.

The following are cyber attacks:
(i) Virus
(ii) Worms

Commercial programs that are made available to the public illegally are often called warez.

A person or program collects login and password information from a legitimate user to illegally gain access to others accounts.

Web sites typically use cookies for the following reasons:
1. To collect demographic information about who has visited the Web site.
2. Sites often use this information to track how often visitors come to the site and how long they remain on the site.
3. It helps to personalize the user's experience on the Web site.
4. Cookies can help store personal information about users so that when a user subsequently returns to the site, a more personalized experience is provided.

UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS:
1. Unauthorized access is when someone gains access to a website, program, server, service, or other system by breaking into a legitimate user account.
2. For example, if someone tries guessing a password or user name for an account that was not theirs until they gained access, it is considered an unauthorized access.

An ethical issue is a problem or issue that requires a person or organization to choose between alternatives that must be evaluated as right (ethical) or wrong (unethical).
Some of the common ethical issues are listed below:
1. Cyber crime
2. Software Piracy
3. Hacking
4. Use of computers to commit fraud
5. Sabotage in the form of viruses
6. Making false claims using computers.

1. Symmetric encryption is a technique to use the same key for both encryption and decryption. The main disadvantage of the symmetric key encryption is that all authorized persons involved, have to exchange the key used to encrypt the data before they can decrypt it. If anybody intercepts the key information, they may read all message.
2. The following Figure depicts the working of symmetric key encryption.

1. A fire wall is a computer network security based system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules.
2. A firewall commonly establishes a block between a trusted internal computer network and entrusted computer outside the network.

Functions of Cyber Attacks

Cyber Attack	Function
Virus	A virus is a small piece of computer code that can repeat itself and spreads from one computer to another by attaching itself to another computer file.One of the most common virus is Trojan Trojan : A Trojan virus is a program that appears to perform one function (for example, virus removal) but actually performs malicious activity when executed.
Worms	Worms are self- repeating and do not require a computer program to attach themselves. Worms continually look for vulnerabilities and report back to the author of the worm when weaknesses are discovered
Spyware	Spyware can be installed on the computer automatically when the  attachments are open, by clicking on links or by downloading infected software.
Ransomware	Ransomware is a type of malicious program that demands payment after" launching a cyber-attack on a computer system. This type of malware has become increasingly popular among criminals and costs the organizations millions each year.

Crime Function Crime Functions Hacking, threats, and blackmailing towards a business or a person. Cyber stalking Harassing through online Malware Malicious programs that can perform a variety of functions including stealing, encrypting or deleting sensitive data, altering or hijacking core computing functions and monitoring user's computer activity without their permission. Denial of service attack Overloading a system with fake requests so that it cannot serve normal legitimate requests Fraud Manipulating data, for example changing the banking records to transfer 
money to an unauthorized account. Harvesting A person or program collects login and password information from a legitimate user to illegally
gain access to others, account(s). Identity theft It is a crime where the criminals impersonate individuals, usually for financial gain. Intellectual property theft Stealing practical or conceptual information developed by another person or company Salami slicing Stealing tiny amounts of money from each transaction. Scam Tricking people into believing something that is not true. Spam Distribute unwanted e-mail to a large number of internet users. Spoofing It is a malicious practice in which communication is sent from an unknown source disguised as a source known to the receiver.