Many times, we may need to put additional comments in our style sheet blocks. We can simply put our comments inside.
/*.....this is a comment in style sheet.....*/

Link is an important feature of HTML to connect web resources. Link in HTML is used to create hyperlinks to web content.

The format of a functions definition is
Function function-name(parametets list)

The tag <!> is used to create comments. In HTML, the text what you type within this tag is considered as comments and it is ignored by the browser. Comments never show up onscreen. Comments can be placed anywhere in HTML document.
The general form of comments: <! comments >

(i) Directories or folders is a collection of files in convenient categories.
(ii) These directories, in turn, may contain other directories (called to as subdirectories).
(iii) This organized file structure is referred to as a multilevel or hierarchical directory system.

1KB   =  2^{\(\wedge \)}10 10 Lines
1MB   = 2^{\(\wedge \)}20 20 Lines
1GB   =  2^{\(\wedge \)}30 30 Lines
64      =  2^{\(\wedge \)}6 6 Lines
64GB =  2^{\(\wedge \)}30 x 2^{\(\wedge \)}6= 2^{\(\wedge \)}36 = 36 Lines

(i) A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
(ii) Computer works faster than human being and given the values more accuracy and reliable.

In built the openoffice impress consists of 12 different layout of slides.

Cell pointer is a rectangle element which can be moved around the worksheet.

Headings are used to include titles to sections of a web page. HTML has six levels of headings viz. < hi > to < h6 >. The number with h indicates the level of heading. Header tags are display the body text as bolder and larger in size according to its level.
The syntax of heading tags:
< h ... > Heading text < /h ... >
Attribute of Headings tag :
Align is an attribute to set right, center and justify alignment to headings. Left if the default alignment, so that it is not supported in latest version of HTML. Justify alignment is not supported by older browsers.
The tag is to specify the alignment to headings:
< h# align = value >
Where # is the level number, value may be Right, Center or Justify. Justify alignment only used for paragraphs.
HTML code with Heading and align attributes:
< html >
< head >
< title > Heading < /title >
< /head >
< body >
< hi align=center > Welcome to Computer Application < /hi >
< hi align=right > Welcome to Computer
Application < /h2 >
< /body >
< /html >

(i) Video and Sound are the core part of the modern web pages. In HTML, a video or audio content may be included as Inline or external data. The inline refers to audio or video files are handled as part of the page. These media files play the audio or video when the page is visible in the browser window. The external refers, linking external audio or video files as url.
(ii) The < embed > tag is used to attach an audio or video file easily within webpage. This tag includes the controls of the multimedia automatically in the browser. The < noembed > tag may be used as an alternate to display some other media file, in the case of the browser does not support < embed > tag.
(iii) Src is the primary attribute used with < embed > tag. The src attribute used to specify the name of the media file with its source location. Other attributes such as alt, height, width and align are used as it is used with < img >.
General Format:
< embed src = audio / video file name with location > < /embed >
Background music:
(i) Music can be played in the background to a webpage, while the page is viewed. This is known as 'inline' sound or movie.
(ii) The < bgsound > tag is used to attach an inline sound file in HTML. The src attribute is used to define the location of the media file. Volume attribute used to adjust volume control. The loop attribute defines the duration of play. The 'infinite' value causes the audio play as long as the page is in view.
General Format:
< bgsound src=music file name with location >

Javascript supports all the basic arithmetic operators like addition (+),subtraction (-) multiplication (*), division (/), and modulus (%, also known as the remainder operator)
Arithmetic operators :

Arithmetic Operator	Meaning	Example	Result
+	Addition	var sum = 20 + 120	Variable sum = 140
-	Subtraction	var diff = 120 - 20	Variable diff = 100
*	Multiplication	var prod = 10*100	Variable prod = 1000
/	Division	var res = 100 / 522	Variable res = 5.22
%	Modulus operator	var rem = 100 % 522	Variable rem = 22 (remainder)

(i) Social engineering:
A misuse of an individual's weakness, achieved by making them to click malicious links, or by physically accessing the computer through tricks. Phishing and pharming are examples of social engineering.
(ii) Phishing:
Phishing is a type of computer crime used to attack, steal user data, including login name, password and credit card numbers. It occurs when an attacker targets a victim into opening an e-mail or an instant text message. The attacker uses phishing to distribute malicious links or attachments that can perform a variety of functions. including the extraction of sensitive login credentials from victims.
(iii) Pharming:
Pharming is a scamming practice in which malicious code is installed on a personal computer or server, misdirecting users to fraudulent web sites without their knowledge or permission.Pharming has been called "phishing without a trap" It is another way hackers attempt to manipulate users on the Internet. It is a cyber attack intended to redirect a website's traffic to a fake site.

Formatting	Properties	Values	Example
Text Colour	Color	Predefined _Color_Name	P { color:pink; } H1 { color:MediumSeaGreen; }
Text Alignment	Text-align	Centre / Left / Right / Justify	P { Text-align: centre; }
Font type	Font-family	Font_name	P {  Font-family: "Times New Roman" : }
Font Style	Font_Style	Normal/Italic	P { Font-family: "Times New Roman" Font-style: Italic; }
Font Style (Bold)	Font-weight	Normal/Bold	P { Font-family: "Times New Roman"; Font-style: Italic; Font-weight: bold; }
Font size	Font_size	Size in pixels	P { Font-family: "Times New Roman" Font-style: Italic; Font-size: I4px; }
Background Colour	Background Colour	Predefined_Color_Name	Body { background-color: violet; }
Border Colour	Border	Borer thickness < space > border style < space > Predefined_borderColor_Name	H2 { border: 2px solid red;}
HTML supports nearly 140 color names
Background Image	Background-image	URL("image name with extension")	Body { background-image: url ("Flower.gif"); }
	Background-repeat	norepeat	Body { background-image: url ("Flower.gif"); background-repeat: norepeat; }
	Background-position	Direction	Body { background-image; url ("Flower.gif"} ; background-repeat: norepeat; background-position: right top; }
Paragraph Margin	Margin-top Margin-bottom Margin-left Margin-right	Margin size in pixels	P { Margin-top: 50px; Margin-left: 50px; }

S.No	Windows	Ubuntu
1.	Recycle Bin	Trash
2.	My computer	Files
3.	Ms word	Libreoffice writer

Advantages:
(i) It is generally free.
(ii)  It is continually evolving in real time as developers add to it and modify it, which means it can be better quality and more secure and less prone to bugs.
(iii) Using open source software also means the user are not locked into using a particular vendor system that only work with their other system.
(iv) The user can modify and adapt open source software for own business requirements
(v) More reliable and flexible
Disadvantages:
(i) Open source software might not be as user friendly as commercial versions because less attention is paid to developing the user interface.
(ii) Open source software do not come with extensive support when things go wrong-pen source software tends to rely on its communicate of users to respond to and fix problems.
(iii)Open source software may still be involved collecting indirect costs for external support.
(iv) Vulnerable to malicious users.

(a) Bus:
A bus is a collection of wires used for communication between the internal components of a computer.
(b) Data bus:
(i) Data busis a collection of wires to carry data in bits.
(ii) A data bus is used to transfer data between the memory and the CPU.
(iii) The data bus is bidirectional.
(c) Address bus:
(i) Address bus is a collection of wires to carry data in bits.
(ii) The address bus is used to point a memory location.
(iii) The address bus is unidirectional.
(d) Control bus:
(i) Control bus is a control line/collection of wires to control the operation/functions.
(ii) The control bus controls both read and write operations.

a) -98

= 98₁₀ = 1100010
8bit format of 98₁₀ =     0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
1's complement    =     1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
Add 1 Bit                =                       +1
                                    _____________
2's complement           1 0 0 1 1 1 1  0
                                    _____________
b) -135

= 135₁₀ = 10000111
1's complement  =      0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Add 1 bit             =                     +  1
                                 ______________
2's complement  =       0 1 1 1 1 0 01
                                _______________

Step to generate the series 5, 10, 20..2560
Step 1 :Select the required number of cells to generate the series.
Step 2: Click EDIT \(\rightarrow\) FILL, the Fill Series dialog box appear.
Step 3: Select Direction Down in fill series dialog box.
Step 4: Select the Series type growth.
Step 5: Initial value of the series 5 should be typed in start value box. Step 6: Maximum value of the series 2560 should be typed in End value box.
Step 7: The value 2 should be typed in Increment box.
Step 8: Click Ok.

MARK	GRADE
> 90	1 - OUTSTANDING
71-90	2 - EXCELLENT
51-70	3 - GOOD
41-50	4 - SATISFACTORY
< = 40	5 - POOR

CODE:
< Html >
< Head >
< Title >Program - To test witch command in JavaScript < /Title >
< /Head >
< Body >
< script language="javascript" type="text/ javascript" >
var grade=0;
var marks=prompt("Please enter your marks/100:","0' };
if(marks >90) ,
{grade = 1; }
else if(marks>70)&&(marks<=90) {grade=2;}
else if(marks>50)&&(marks<=70) {grade=3; }
else if(marks>40)&&(marks<=50) {grade=4; } .
else {grade=5; }
switch(grade)
{
case 1:
document.write("Your Grade is Outstanding ..' };
break;
case 2'
document.write("Your Grade is
Excellent..'');
break;
case 3:
document. writef'Your Grade isGood..'');
break;
case 4:
document.write("Your Grade is Satisfectory ..'');
break;
default:
document.write("Your Grade Poor and have to re-appear Exam..'');
}
< /script >
< /Body >
< /Html >

Tamil e-Ubrary	Website address
Tamilnadu School Education andTeacher Education Training Textbooks and Resource Books	http://www.textbooksonline. tn.nic.in/
Tamil Virtual Academy	http://www.tamilvu.org/library/libindex.htm
Connemara Public Library	http://connemarapublic librarychennaLcom  Veettukku_oru_noolagam /lndex.htrnl
Tamil Digital Library	http://tamildigitallibray.in/
Chennai Library	http://www.chennailibrary. com
Thamizhagam	http://www.thamizham.net/ parithi/ parihi.html

Function	Description	Example	Result
toUpperCase( )	Used to convertgiven string into uppercase	x="java" x.toUpperCase( );	JAVA
to Lower Case ( )	Used to convert given string into lowercase	x="JAVA" x.toLowerCase( );	java
length	Used to find length of the given string	x="JAVA" x.length( );	4
parselnti ( )	Used to convert the given float value into an integer	parselnt(34.234);	34
parseFloat( )	Used to convert the given string into a integer	parseInt(34.23");	34.23

(i) You can save by clicking File \(\rightarrow\) Save on top left corner and then click File \(\rightarrow\) Save As or Ctrl+Shift+S. After that browse the location where exactly you want to save in your computer.
(ii) You can also save by just pressing Ctrl + S and then browse the location where you want to save.
(iii) All documents in OpenOffice writer will be stored with .odt extension. You can store your OpenOffice document as Microsoft Word document or pdf.

An ethical issue is a problem or issue that requires a person or organization to choose between alternatives that must be evaluated as right (ethical) or wrong (unethical).
Some of the common ethical issues are listed below:
1. Cyber crime
2. Software Piracy
3. Hacking
4. Use of computers to commit fraud
5. Sabotage in the form of viruses
6. Making false claims using computers.

Attributes of <Select> tag:
(i) The <select> tag is used to create dropdown list box in HTML.
(ii) It provides a list of various options as a dropdown list.
(iii) This element is more helpful when a number of options are to be displayed in a limited space.
(iv) The <option> tag is used to specify list items.
(v) Name - Provide the name to the control, which is sent to the server.
(vi) Size - Determine the style of dropdown list box.
Size = 1 dropdown list box.
Size =2 List box
(vii) Multiple - Allows user to select multiple values.
Attributes of <option> tag :
(i) Selected - Indicate default selection.
(ii) Value - Value to be submitted to server.

The disk drive icons graphically represent five disk drive options.
(i) Hard disk (C: D: E:)
(ii) CD-ROM/DVD Drive (F:)
(iii) Pen drive (I:)
(iv) Other removable storage such as mobile, smart phone, tablet etc.,
(v) Network drives if your system is connected with other system.

(i) There are only two digits in the Binary system, namely, 0 and 1.
The numbers in the binary system are represented to the base 2 and the positional multipliers are the powers of 2.
(ii) The left most bit in the binary number is called as the Most Significant Bit (MSB) and it has the largest positional weight.
(iii) The right most bit is the Least Significant Bit (LSB) and has the smallest positional weight.

Using Auto filter:
(i) Click Auto Filter icon available on the "Standard tools bar" (or) Click Data ➝ Filter ➝ Auto Filter
(ii) The list box contains similar data in the fields.
(iii) Each list box item will be considered as filter criteria.
(iv) Select the data item from the list box. Now, Calc shows only the records which satisfy the selected criteria.