(i) f=1 i=1 f = f * i i = i+1
f = 1 x 1 = 1 i = 2
(ii) f = 1 x 2 i = 3 = 2
(iii) f = 2 × 3 i = 4 = 6
(iv) f = 6 x 4 i = 5 (loop terminates) = 24

Ans.(a)
Let a, b, c be the variables whose maximum value are 8L, 5L and 3L respectively.
Initial State

a, b, c: 4, 4,0
Specifications:
1 decant
2-inputs: a, b, c: =8,0,0
3-outputs: a, b, c: = 4, 4, 0
Algorithm:
Let us assume that a: = b denote oil in b is poured into a bottle until either "a" is full or "b" becomes empty.
1 decant (a, b, c)
2 a, b, c:=8,0,0
3 b:=a
4 --a, b, c: 3, 5, 0.
5 c:=b
6 --a, b, c: = 3, 2, 3
7 a:=c
8 -- a, b, c: = 6, 2,0
9 c:=b
10 --a, b, c:=6,0,2
11 b: a
12 a, b, c: = 1, 5, 2
13 c:=b
14 --a, b, c: 1, 4, 3
15 a: c
16 --a, b, c: = 4, 4,0

Let the variables a, b, c represent Glass A, Glass B and Glass C and a, b, c can store values APPLE, GRAPE or EMPTY.
Specification:
1 exchange (a, b)
2-inputs: a, b: APPLE, GRAPE
3-outputs: a, b: = GRAPE, APPLE
Algorithm:
1. exchange (a, b)
2. a, b, c :- APPLE, GRAPE, EMPTY.
3. c:=b
4. -- a, b, c :- APPLE, EMPTY, GRAPE,
5. b:= a
6. --a, b, c = EMPTY, APPLE, GRAPE
7. a: = c
8. --a, b, c = GRAPE, APPLE, EMPTY

Conditional statement: Sometimes we need to execute a statement only if a condition is true and do nothing if the condition is false. This is equivalent to the alternative statement in which the elseclause is empty. This variant of alternative statement is called a conditional statement. If C is a condition and S is a statement, then
 if      C
    S
is a statement, called a conditional statement, that describes the following action:
1. Test whether C is true or false.
2. If C is true then do S; otherwise do nothing.
The conditional control flow is depicted in the flowchart.

There are three important control flow statements:
(i) Sequential
(ii) Alternative
(iii) Iterative

Flowcharts have disadvantages:
(i) Flowcharts are less compact than a representation of algorithms in 132 programming language or pseudo code.
(ii) They obscure the basic hierarchical structure of the algorithms.
(iii) Alternative statements and loops are disciplined control flow structures. Flowcharts do not restrict us to disciplined control flow structures

Minimum (a, b)
- - inputs : a, b
- - outputs : result = a \(\downarrow\) b

It will be executed only when the condition statement is true.

It is nothing but breaking down problem into smaller and more manageable problems.

Pseudo code is a notation similar to programming languages.