Class	Object
Class is a blue print or template from which objects are created.	Object is an instance of a class.
Class doesn't allocate memory when it is created.	Objects allocate memory when it is created.
Class is a logical entity.	Object is a physical entity.

The declaration of a 2-D array is data-type array_name[row-size][col-size];
In the above declaration, data-type refers to any valid C++ data-type, array_name refers to the name of the 2-D array, row-size refers to the number of rows and col-size refers to the number of columns in the 2-D array.

Output:
2 4 6 8 10.

It is a diagrammatic representation of algorithms.

In refinement, each statement is repeatedly expanded into more detailed statements in the subsequent levels.

It means to reload the operating system.

It allows execution of more than one tasks or processes concurrently. For this, the processor time is divided amongst different tasks. This division of time is also called time sharing.

(i) Keeping track of which portion of memory are currently being used and who is using them.
(ii) Determining which processes (or parts of processes) and data to move in and out of memory.
(iii) Allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks as needed by the program in main memory. (Garbage Collection).

Computer is an Electronic Machine, capable of performing basic operations like addition, multiplication, division etc. Computer accepts data as input, process it, produce output and stores it for future.

Important features of Modular programming:
1. Emphasis on algorithm rather than data
2. Programs are divided into individual modules
3. Each modules are independent of each other and have their own local data
4. Modules can work with its own data as well as with the data passed to it.
Example: Pascal and C.

readData( date d)
void
{
cout << "Enter day" << endl;
cin >> d.dd;
cout << "Enter month" << endl;
cin>>d.mm:
cout << "Enter year" << endl;
cin >> d.yy;
}
void readData(item t)
{
cout << "Enter item id'' << endl;
cin >> t.itemid;
cout << "Enter item name'' << endl:
cin >> t.name;
cout << "Ente item price'' << endl;
cin >> t.price;
cout << "Enter date of manufacuter'' << endl;
cin >> t.date;
}

The syntax of if-else ladder:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
(
int num:
cout<<"Enter Number to find its multiplication table";
cin >> num;
for (int a = 1; a<= 10; a++)
{
cout << num << "*" << a << "=" << num*a << endl;
}
return 0;
}

(i) An OS is required to access and use the hardware resources.
(ii) It provides a stable, consistent way for applications to deal with the hardware.
(iii) An OS prepares the computer for taking instructions from the user and converts into machine code and gives into the CPU for execution.
(iv) as only co-ordinates and controls all the activities of a computer system.

(i) Machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and interprets.
(ii) In first generation, machine language was used.

A mobile operating system controls a mobile device and its design supports wireless communication and different types of mobile applications. It operates on smart phones Tablets and Digital Mobile devices.
(i) Google Android
(ii) Apple iOS
(iii) Blackberry
(iv) Symbian

Input Device:
It is a peripheral device used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system. Eg: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanners, Digital cameras, Joysticks.

An entry control loop checks the condition at the time of entry and if condition or expression becomes true then control transfers into the body of the loop. for loop and while loop are the examples of Entry Controlled Loop.
A while loop is a control flow statement that allows the loop statements to be executed as long as the condition is true.
Type: Entry control loop
Syntax:
while ( Text expression)
{
Body of the loop;
}
Statement-x;
The control flow and flow chart of the while loop is shown below:

Control flow:
Step 1: Test-expression is evaluated to either True or False;
Step 2: If test-expression is true;
(a) The body of the loop is executed.
(b) Control is transferred to step 1.
Step 3: If test-expression is false, the control exits the while loop.
Example:
int a = 1;
while (a<-10)
{
cout< a+=2;
}
Output
1 3 5 7 9

1. right_angled(a, b, c)
2. -- inputs:
3. -- outputs: result = true if c2=a2+b2
4. result = false , otherwise
5. if square (c) = square (a) + square (b)
6. result := true
7. else
8. result := false

Specifications:
1 circulate
2-inputs:
3-outputs:
Algorithm:
a, b, c: = A, B, C
a, b, c: = C, A, B
1 circulate (a, b, c)
2 --a, b, c: A, B, C
3 temp: = c
4 c: b
5 b:=a
6 a:= temp
7 -- a, b, c: C, A, B

(i) The Sixth Generation, computers could be defined as the era of intelligent computers, based on Artificial Neural Networks. This generation gave a start to parallel computing.
(ii) One of the most dramatic changes in the sixth generation will be the explosive growth of wide is a component of artificial intelligence
(iii) Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation of robots.
(iv) This field overlaps with electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mechatronics, nanotechnology and bioengineering.
(v) Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains.
(vi) Such systems learn (progressively improve performance on) tasks by considering examples, generally without task-specific programming.
(vii) An ANN is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called Artificial Neurons (analogous to biological neurons in an animal brain).
(viii) Each connection (synapse) between neurons can transmit a signal from one to another. The receiving neuron can process the signal(s) and then signal neurons connected to it.
(ix) Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously.
(x) Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time. There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task parallelism.
(xi) Parallelism has been employed for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, but interest in it has grown lately due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling.
(xii) As power consumption by computers has become a concern in recent years, parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multi-core processors.

(i) Basic components of computer :
The Basic components are I/O Unit, CPU, ALU, Control Unit, Storage Unit.
Input unit:
Input unit is used to feed any form of data to the computer. It can be stored in the memory unit for further processing.
Ex. Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Retinal scanner, Track ball.
Central processing unit:
CPU is the major component and it controls the operation of all other components such as memory, input and output units. The CPU has three components namely control unit, Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) and memory unit.
Arithmetic and logic unit:
The ALU is a part of the CPU where arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, divisions and logical operations will takes place.
Control unit:
The control unit controls the flow of data between the CPU, memory and I/O devices. It also controls the entire operation of a computer.
Output unit:
An output device is a hardware component that conveys information to the user in an understandable form.
Ex. Monitor, printer, plotter
Memory unit:
The memory stores everything that computer works with. The memory unit is of two types namely primary memory and secondary memory. The primary memory stores the data and instructions temporarily. Whereas the secondary memory stores the data permanently. The primary memory is volatile and secondary memory is non-volatile.

The data and application that are stored and processed on multiple physical locations across the world over the digital network (internet/intranet). The Distributed Operating System is used to access shared data and files that reside in any machine around the world. The user can handle the data from different locations. The users can access as if it is available on their own computer.
The advantages of distributed Operating System are as follows:
1. A user at one location can make use of all the resources available at another location over the network.
2. Many computer resources can be added easily in the network
3. Improves the interaction with the customers and clients.
4. Reduces the load on the host computer.