Hacking.

Output:
String in Source Before Copied :Computer Science
String in Target Before Copied :target
String in Target After strcpy function Executed:
Computer Science.

During initilization the array of elements can be initialized more than its size

Declaring a constructor with arguments hides the compiler generated constructor. After this we cannot invoke the compiler generated constructor.

Character data type accepts and returns all valid ASCII characters. Character data type is often said to be an integer type, since all the characters are represented in memory by their associated ASCII Codes. If a variable is declared as char, C++ allows storing either a character or integer value.

\(\text { Fact }(\mathrm{n})=\left\{\begin{array}{l} 1 \text { if } \mathrm{n}=0 \\ \mathrm{n} * \text { fact }(\mathrm{n}-1) \text { otherwise } \end{array}\right.\)
Recursive Algorithm:
Fact (n)
-- inputs: n
outputs: Fact=n!
if(n-0)- --base case
otherwise
1
else
n fact (n-1)--recursive step

statement	condition
A statement is a phrase that commands the computer to do an action.	A condition is a phrase that describes a test of the state.
In flow chart rectangular box is used	In flow chart diamond box is used
Ex. x: = 5	Ex. If C SI else S2

A decoder, a digital circuit is used to point to the specific memory location where the word can be located.

(i) Keeping track of which portion of memory are currently being used and who is using them.
(ii) Determining which processes (or parts of processes) and data to move in and out of memory.
(iii) Allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks as needed by the program in main memory. (Garbage Collection).

The Components of CPU are (a) Control Unit, (b) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), (c) Memory Unit.

Implicit call: In this method, the parameterized constructor is invoked automatically whenever an object is created. For example simple s1(10,20); in this for creating the object s 1 parameterized constructor is automatically invoked.
Explicit call: In this method, the name of the constructor is explicitly given to invoke the parameterized constructor so that the object can be created and initialized.For example: simple s1=simple(10,20); //explicit call.

A derived class does not get direct access privilege for a private member of its base class, however, it always can access(indirectly) the private members of its base class through an inherited function that is accessing these members.

Function overloading can be applied for constructors, as constructors are special functions of classes. A class can have more than one constructor with different signature. Constructor overloading provides flexibility of creating multiple type of objects for a class.
1. Memory is allocated for the objects.
2. Initialisation for the objects.

Important features of Modular programming:
1. Emphasis on algorithm rather than data
2. Programs are divided into individual modules
3. Each modules are independent of each other and have their own local data
4. Modules can work with its own data as well as with the data passed to it.
Example: Pascal and C.

struct structure_name {
type member_name1;
type mamber _name2;
} reference_name;
Example:
struct Student
{
long rollno;
int age;
float weight;
};

The syntax of if-else ladder:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
(
int num:
cout<<"Enter Number to find its multiplication table";
cin >> num;
for (int a = 1; a<= 10; a++)
{
cout << num << "*" << a << "=" << num*a << endl;
}
return 0;
}

(i) Test whether C is true or false.
(ii) If C is true, then do S and go back to step 1; otherwise do nothing.

(i) Farmers
(ii) Response time
(iii) Throughput
(iv) Turn around time

The XNOR (exclusive - NOR) gate is a combination XOR gate followed by an inverter. Its output is "true" if the inputs are the same, and "false" if the inputs are different. 
The output of XNOR is C = AB + \(\bar {A} \) \(\bar {B} \)
= A ⊙ B
where ⊙ indicates included dot.
Truth table

Input		Output
A	B	C
0	0	1
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	1

Logic symbol :

Assignment Operator	Equality Operator
Assignment operator is used to assign the values to the variable.	The equality operator is used to compare the values of both the variables and the result is true or false.

Objects can be created in two methods:
i. Global object,
ii. Local object
(i) Global Object:
If an object is declared outside all the function bodies or by placing their names immediately after the closing brace of the class declaration then it is called as Global object. These objects can be used by any function in the program.
(ii) Local Object:
If an object is declared with in a function then it is called local object. It cannot be accessed from outside the function.

A:: A(int, float j)
{
x= i;
}
B : : B (int p, float q) :A (p, q)
{ cout << "B"s constructor \n";
}

Debug Correct Program charstr[20];
public: //char str[20]; void accept_ string( ) // void accept_string() display_string ( ) \\void display_string ( ) string operator *(String x) \\Concatenating String \\string operator +(string x) strcat(str,str); \\strcat(str, x.str) } //}; cout>>"\n\n
concatenated string is :"; \\cout>>"\n\n
concatenated string is :";

#include< iostream >
using namespace std;
struct Distance
{
int feet;
float inch;
}d1, d2, sum;
int main()
{
cout<<"Enter 1st distance:"<<endl;
cout<<"Enter feet:";
cin>>d1.feet;
cout<<"Enter inch:";
cin>>dl.inch;
cout<<"\n information for 2nd distance:"<<endl;
cout<<"Enter feet:"";
cin>>d2.feet;
cout<<"Enter inch:"
cin>>d2.inch;
sum.feet = d1.feet +d2.feet;
sum.inch-d1.inch + d2.inch;
if (sum.inch > 12)
{
++sum.feet;
sum.inch 12;
}
cout<<endl; "Sum of distance="<<sum.feet << "feet" << sum.inch<< "inches";
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter 1st distance
Enter feet: 6
Enter inch: 3.4
Enter 2nd distance
Enter feet: 5
Enter inch: 10.2
Sum of distances = 12 feet 1.6 inches

This method copies the value of an actual parameter into the formal parameter of the function. In this case, changes made to formal parameter within the function will have no effect on the actual parameter.
Example :
#include < iostream >
using namespace std;
void display(int x)
{
int a=x*x;
cout << "\n\nThe Value inside display function (a*a):"<< a;
}
int maint()
{
int a;
cout << "\nExample : Function call by value:";
cout << "\n\nEnter the Value for A:";
cin >> a;
display(a);
cout << "\n \nThe Value inside main function" << a;
return(0);
}
Output:
Example: Function call by value
Enter the Value for A:5
The Value inside display function (a * a) : 25
The Value inside main function 5

(a) #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <math.h>
#factorial function.
long int fact(int n)
{
long int f= 1;
for (int i = 1;i<n; i++)
f* = i;
return f
}
// main function
int main()
{
int x, y = 1;
float sum = 0;
cout<<"Enter the value for x:";
cin>>x;
for (int i=1;i<-6; i++)
{
sum = sum + y*((pow(x, 1))/fact(i));
y*=-1;
}
cout<<"Sum=" <<Sum<<endl;
cin.get():
return();
}
(b) #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
int M, L;
float sum = 0;
cout<<"Enter the value for M:";
cin>>M;
cout<<"Enter the number of terms";
cin>> L;
for (int i=1;i<=m; i++)
sum Sum + Pow(m,i)/i;
cout<<"Sum="<< Sum<<endl;
cin.get():
return 0;
}

(i) The desktop version of Ubuntu supports all the normal software on Windows such as Firefox, Chrome, VLC, etc.
(ii) It supports the office suite called LibreOffice.
(iii) Ubuntu has an in-built email software called Thunderbird, which gives the user access to email such as Exchange, Gmail, Hot mail, etc.
(iv) There are a host of free applications for users to view and edit photos.
(v) There are also applications to manage share videos.
(vi) It is easy to find content on Ubuntu with the smart searching facility.

Let the variables a, b, c represent Glass A, Glass B and Glass C and a, b, c can store values APPLE, GRAPE or EMPTY.
Specification:
1 exchange (a, b)
2-inputs: a, b: APPLE, GRAPE
3-outputs: a, b: = GRAPE, APPLE
Algorithm:
1. exchange (a, b)
2. a, b, c :- APPLE, GRAPE, EMPTY.
3. c:=b
4. -- a, b, c :- APPLE, EMPTY, GRAPE,
5. b:= a
6. --a, b, c = EMPTY, APPLE, GRAPE
7. a: = c
8. --a, b, c = GRAPE, APPLE, EMPTY

Booting of computer:
(i) An Operating system (OS) is a basic software that makes the computer to work. When a computer is switched on, there is no information in its RAM.
(ii) At the same time, in ROM, the pre-written program called POST (Power on Self Test) will be executed first. This program checks if the devices like RAM, keyboard, etc., are connected properly and ready to operate. If these devices are ready, then the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) gets executed. This process is called Booting.
(iii) Thereafter, a program called "Bootstrap Loader" transfers OS from hard disk into main memory. Now the OS gets loaded (Windows/Linux, etc.,) and will get executed. Booting process is of two types.
1) Cold Booting
2) Warm Booting
(iv) Cold Booting:
When the system starts from the initial state i.e. it is switched on, we call it cold booting or Hard Booting. When the user presses the power button, the instructions are read from the ROM to initiate the booting process.
(v) Warm Booting:
When the system restarts or when Reset button is pressed, we call it Warm Booting or Soft Booting. The system does not start from the initial state and so all diagnostic tests need not be carried out in this case. There are chances of data loss and system damage as the data might not have been stored properly.

(a) Clock speed-Each microprocessor has an internal clock that regulates the speed at which it executes instructions. The speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions is called clock speed. It is measured in MHz vi in GHz.
(b) Instructions set - The set of machine level instructions that a microprocessor is designed to execute is called as an instruction set. This carries 4 types of operations. They are
1. Data transfer
2. Arithmetic operations
3. Logical Operations
4. Control flow
5. Input/output
(c) Word size - The number of bits that can be processed by a processor in a single instruction is called as its word size. It determines the amount of RAM that can be accessed at one time and the total number of pins on the microprocessor. Total number of input and output pins in turn determines the architecture of the microprocessor.