A cookie (also called HTTP cookie, web cookie, Internet cookie, browser cookie, or simply cookie) is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user's computer memory (Hard drive) by the user's web browser while the user is browsing internet.

Cracking is where someone edits a program source so that the code can be exploited or modified. "Cracking" means trying to get into computer systems in order to steal, corrupt, or illegitimately view data.

An Ethical issue is a problem or issue that requires a person or organization to choose between alternatives that must be evaluated as right (ethical) or wrong (unethical). These issues must be addressed and resolved to have a positive influence in society.
Some of the common ethical issues are listed below:
(i) Cyber crime
(ii) Software Piracy
(iii) Unauthorized Access
(iv) Hacking
(v) Use of computers to commit fraud
(vi) Sabotage in the form of viruses.

Generally, the following guidelines should be observed by computer users:
(i) Honesty: Users should be truthful while using the internet.
(ii) Confidentiality: Users should not share any important information with unauthorized people.
(iii) Respect: Each user should respect the privacy of other users.
(iv) Professionalism: Each user should maintain professional conduct.
(v) Obey The Law: Users should strictly obey the cyber law in computer usage.
(vi) Responsibility: Each user should take ownership and responsibility for their actions.

A proxy server provides a gateway between users and the internet. It is a server, referred to as an “intermediary” because it goes between end-users and the web pages they visit online. A proxy server is essentially a computer on the internet that has an IP address of its own.

Software Piracy is about the copyright violation of software created originally by an individual or an institution. It includes:
(i) stealing of codes / programs and other information illegally and creating duplicate copies by unauthorized means and utilizing this data either for one's own benefit or for commercial profit.
(ii) Downloading software from illegal network sources.
An entirely different approach to software piracy is called shareware, acknowledges the futility of trying to stop people from copying software and instead relies on people's honesty.
Shareware publishers encourage users to give copies of programs to friends and colleagues but ask everyone who uses that program regularly to pay a registration fee to the program's author directly.
To prevent unauthorized access, Firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Virus and Content Scanners, Patches and Hot fixes are used.