(i) To change the text direction
(ii) Select the text to change the direction in the cell.
(iii) Select Format ⟶ Character, character dialog box appears.
(iv) Click Position tab, in the Rotation/scaling option,
(v) Select the required rotation angle(0, 90, 270, Fit to Line) and click OK.

1. Indirect access:
(i) This is most common method used in home and office networks.
(ii) The device e.g. computer connects to a network using Ethernet or Wi-Fi and the network connects to the Internet using Asymmetric digital subscriber line ADSL (cable or fibre).
2. Direct access:
(i) This is most common method used when travelling.
(ii) The device e.g. smart phone connects directly to the Internet using 3G/4G mobile networks or public Wi-Fi.
(iii) Internet access is sold by Internet Service Provider(ISPs) delivering connectivity at a wide range of data transfer rates via various networking technologies.

1. A hub is the most basic networking device that connects multiple computers or other network device together.
2. It joins together the workstations, printers, and servers on a network to communicate with each other.
3. Each hub has a number of ports that connect it to the other devices via a network cable.
4. A hub connects all the devices on its port together.
5. When data arrives at one port, it is sent to the other ports so that all the devices can see all the information, commonly known as packets.
6. There is no intelligence in hub about what devices are connected to hub. When one device sends packet to the hub, it just broadcasts the packet on all ports.

1. In PowerPoint, go to Insert > New Photo Album. Let's get started on a new photo album.
2. Select the image files you want to use as PowerPoint slides.
3. In Picture Layout, select the Fit to Slide option.
4. You can get up to four pictures per slide in an album style, and you can select from a variety of frame shapes.
5. You can use a style option when adding a new slide that allows you to add photos with a single click.
6. Choose the entity you want to display on the slide.
7. Select Animation Pane from the Animations tab.
8. Select an animation effect by clicking Add Animation.
9. To add more animation effects to the same thing, select it, press Add Animation, and then choose a new animation effect.
10. Choose the slide on which you want to place the graphic. Select Pictures > This Device from the Insert page. Enter and exit to the picture you want to insert, then pick it and press Open. Once you've placed the image on your slide, you can resize it and switch it around.

(i) Slide sorter view is to rearranged the sliders. A thumbnail of each slide in order, use this view to rearrange the order of slides, produce a timed slide show, or add transitions between selected slides. The tasks pane on the right displays four pages that allow you to specify the master slide, layout, transitions, and animation effects for the object on your slides.
(ii) Slide sorter view is to rearrange the sliders.

ASIN (Number/Cell Address): This function returns the inverse trigonometric sine of Number that is the angle (in radians) whose sine is Number. The angle returned is in the range – PI/2 to +PI/2. To return the angle in degrees, use the DEGREES function.
Example : = ASIN (0) returns 0. = ASIN (1) returns 1.5707963267949 (PI/2 radians).
= DEGREES (ASIN (0.5)) returns 30. The sine of 30 degrees is 0.5.

Insert a new column anywhere in the worksheet.
Step 1 : Select the column where a new column to be inserted.
Step 2 : Right–click on the selected column name that you selected. A pop-up menu appears.
Step 3 : click the "Insert Columns" option from the menu.
a new column will be inserted to the left of the current column. Insert a new row in the worksheet.
Step 1 : Select the row where a new row to be inserted.
Step 2 : Right–click on the row number, a pop-up menu appears.
Step 3 : click "Insert Rows" option from the menu a new row will be inserted to above the current row.

(i) Different desktop managers lead to a fragmented experience.
(ii) Too many package Managers makes Ubuntu hard to learn and master.
(iii) Lack of software
(iv) Hardware compatibility.

(i) Farmers
(ii) Response time
(iii) Throughput
(iv) Turn around time

User interface:
(i) It is one of the important features of an Operating system.
(ii) User interface allows user to interact with computer effectively.
(iii) An interactive Operating system provides astonishing feature of Graphical User Interface.
(iv) GUI is one of the advanced features that have made Windows and other interactive Operating system highly popular.
(v) Some properties of GUI are display of icons, movement of cursor, etc.
Memory Management:
(i) Operating system performs the function of memory management. Memory Management is the process of controlling and coordinating with computers main memory.
(ii) The Operating system keeps a track of main memory/primary memory i.e. which portion of memory is currently being used and who is using them.
(iii) Memory Management involves allocation and de-allocation of memory blocks.
File Management:
(i) File Management is an important function of Operating System that maintains and manages file operation.
(ii) File Management manages files, folder and directory system on computer.
(iii) The process of File Management includes creating, modifying and deleting of files.
(iv) File Management of Operating system helps to create new files and place them at specific location and makes the process of sharing of files easy.
Process Management:
(i) Process Management includes creation and deletion of processes.
(ii) Process Management provides mechanism for communication and synchronization of processes.
I/O Management:
(i) The Operating system is responsible for all sorts of input from keyboard, mouse, desktop, etc.
(ii) Operating system effectively handle I/O operation to hide the peculiar behavior from the end-user.
Security Management:
(i) Operating system provides security by protecting unauthorize access to computer and uses password and other similar technique to protect user data

1. Integral and Fraction
2. 00110₂
3. American standard code for information interchange
4. 10⁴

    1 1 0 1 0 1
+  1 0 1 1 1 1
   __________
    11 0 0 1 0 0
   __________

De Morgan's
\(\bar { A+B } =\bar { A } .\bar { B } \)
\(\left( \bar { A.B } \right) =\bar { A } +\bar { B } \)

(i) ISCII is the system of handling the character of Indian local languages. This as a 8-bit coding system.
(ii) Therefore it can handle 256 (28) characters. This system is formulated by the Department of Electronics in India in the year 1986-88 and recognized by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) 
(iii) Now this coding system is integrated with Unicode.

Dot Matrix Printer	Laser printer
Printing speed is slow	Printing speed is high.
Suitable for black and white printing.	Suitable of colour printing.
It makes noise while printing.	It is silent while printing.

(i) IC is short for Integrated Circuit or Integrated Chip.
(ii) The IC is a package containing many circuits, pathways, transistors, and other electronic components all working together to perform a particular function or a series of functions.

The various applications of computer.
(i) Business
(ii) Education
(iii) Marketing
(iv) Banking
(v) Insurance
(vi) Communication
(vii) Healthcare
(viii) Engineering - Robotics, Nano technology, Bio Engineering

Open a document, then choose file ⟶ properties. A dialog box appears. Click statistics tab on the dialog box. The word count appears in the dialog box.

To insert rows in a table there are different ways:
(i) The easiest way to add a row is to press Tab from the last cell.
(ii) To insert a single row anywhere, place the insertion point in that particular cell and click the Insert row icon  from the Table Formatting toolbar.
(iii) To insert more than one row, click Table ⟶ Insert ⟶ Rows, the Insert Rows dialog box appears enter the of value using spin arrows or type the number directly. In the position option, select Before or After radio button to specify the position of the row.
(iv) Click OK button
Inserting Columns:
To insert columns there are different ways
(i) Place the insertion point in the particular column and click the Insert column icon   to insert a blank column right of the insertion point.
(ii) To insert more than one column, place the insertion point in the particular column and click Table ⟶ Insert ⟶ Column, the insert column dialog box appears enter the value using spin arrows or type the number directly.
(iii) In the position option, select Before or After radio button to specify the position of the column.
(iv) Click OK button

The bullets and numbers can be removed easily.
(i) Select the text where the bullets and numbers are to be removed
(ii) Click on the bullets icon again to remove bullets.
(iii) Click on the numbering icon  again to remove numbering.