1. FiruzTughlaq followed a conciliatory policy towards the nobles and theologians.
2. Firuz restored the property of the owners who had been deprived of it during the reign of Muhammad Tughlaq.

1. Ala-ud-din sent a large army commanded by Malik Kafur in 1307 to capture Devagiri fort.
2. Following Devagiri, Prataparudradeva, the Kakatiya ruler of Warangal in the Telengana region, was defeated in 1309.
3. In 1310 the Hoysala ruler ViraBallala III surrendered all his treasures to the Delhi forces.

1. After Iltutmish's death. The monarch was succeeded by a son, a daughter (Sultana Razia), another son, and a grandson, all within ten years, and finally by his youngest son Sultan Nasir aI-Din Mahmud II (1246-66).
2. Iltutmish's descendants fought long but in vain with their father's military slaves who had been appointed as governors of vast territories and generals of large armies.

1. As sea-faring traders the pre-Islamic Arabs had maritime contacts with the western and eastern coasts of India.
2. While there were south Indian settlements in the Persian Gulf, Arabs too settled in Malabar and the Coromandel Coast.
3. Arabs who married Malabar women and settled down on the West Coast were called Mappillais (sons-in-law).

1. Arab military expedition in 712 and subsequent Ghaznavid and the Ghori military raids, intended to loot and use the resources seized to strengthen their power in Central Asia, created a relationship of the conqueror and the conquered.
2. Following the invasion of Afghanistan by Khurasan (Eastern Iran) Shah and later by Chengiz Khan severed the ties of North India Sultanate with Afghanistan.

1. The Delhi Sultanate deserves to be considered an all-India empire.
2. Virtually all of India, exeept Kashmir and Kerala at the far ends of the subcontinent, and a few small tracts in between them had come under the direct rule of Delhi towards the close of Muhammad bin Tughlaq's rule.
3. There were no well-defined and accepted rules of royal succession and therefore contested succession became the norm during the Sultanate.
4. The Sultans required the holders of iqta's (called muqtis or walis) to maintain troops for royal service out of the taxes collected by them.
5. Certain areas were retained by the Sultans under their direct control (khalisa).
6. It was out of the revenue collected from such areas that they paid the officers and soldiers of the sultan's own troops (hashm-i qalb).

Conciliatory Policy towards Nobles:
Firuz Tughlaq followed a conciliatory policy towards the nobles and theologians. Firuz restored the property of the owners who had been deprived of it during the reign of Muhammad Tughlaq.
Firuz Policy of No Wars:
Firuz waged no wars of annexation, though he was not averse to putting down rebellions challenging his authority.
Religious Policy:
Firuz favoured orthodox Islam. He proclaimed his state to be an Islamic state largely to satisfy the theologians.
Public Works:
Firuz undertook many irrigation projects. A canal he dug from Sutlej river to Hansi and another canal in Jumna indicate his sound policy of public works development.

1. Ala-ud-din collected land taxes directly from the cultivators. The village headman who traditionally enjoyed the right to collect them was now deprived of it.
2. The tax pressure of Ala-ud-din was on the rich and not on the poor.
3. Ala-ud-din set up the postal system to keep in touch with all parts of his sprawling empire.

1. Prithviraj underestimated the potential danger of the enemy.
2. In the Second Battle of Tarain, one of the turning points in Indian history; Prithviraj suffered a crushing defeat and was eventually captured.
3. Ghori restored him to his throne in Ajmer.
4. But on charges of treason he was later executed, and Ghori's trusted general Qutb-ud-din Aibak was appointed as his deputy in India.

1. The geographical location of Arabia facilitated trade contact between India and Arabia. As sea-faring traders the pre-Islamic Arabs had maritime contacts with the western and eastern coasts of India.
2. While there were south Indian settlements in the Persian Gulf, Arabs too settled in Malabar and the Coromandel Coast.
3. Arabs who married Malabar women and settled down on the West Coast were called Mappillais (sons-in-law).
4. Arab military expedition in 712 and subsequent Ghaznavid and the Ghori military raids, intended to loot and use the resources seized to strengthen their power in Central Asia, created a relationship of the conqueror and the conquered .
5. Following the invasion of Afghanistan by Khurasan (Eastern Iran) Shah and later by Chengiz Khan severed the ties of North India Sultanate with Afghanistan.
6. Mongol invasions destroyed the Ghurid Sulatanate and Ghazni, and cut into the resources of Sultan Nasir-ud-din Qubacha (1206-1228), the ruler of Uchch and Multan.
7. Thus the Sultan Iltutmish had the opportunity of expanding his influence in northern India that enabled Muslim rulers to rule Indian provinces with Delhi as capital for about four centuries.
8. The Sultanate (1206-1526) itself was not homogenous. Its rulers belonged to five distinct categories: (a) Slave Dynasty (1206-1290) (b) Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320) (c) Tughlaq Dynasty (l320-1414) (d) Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451) and (e) LodiDynasty (1451-1526).