1. Chalukya dynasty of Jayasirnhan I line appointed royal ladies as provincial governors. They also issued coins in some instances.
2. Vijya Bhattariga, a Chalukya princess, issued inscriptions. Pallava queens did not take active part in the administration of the kingdom, but they built shrines, and installed images of various deities, and endowed temples.
3. The image of Queen Rangapataka, the queen of Rajasimha, is found in the inscription in Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram.

1. The form was in hymns of the Nayanmars and the Azhwars.
2. The saints of Saivism and Vaishnavism simplified the use of Tamil language with the application of music. They brought the local and regional ethos into the main stream.
3. Azhwars (totally 12) and Nayanmars (totally 63), came from different strata of Tamil society, such as artisans and cultivators.
4. There were women saints as well like Andal, an Azhwar saint.
5. The poet Karaikkal Ammaiyar (Tilakawathi), and the Pandya queen Mangayarkkarasiyar were prominent female Nayanmar saints.

1. The prominent Saiva poets include Tirunavukarasar (Appar), Tirugnanasambandar and Sundarar, and Manikkavasagar. .
2. Nambi Andar Nambi compiled their hymns into an anthology of eleven books, towards the end of tenth century.
3. The first seven books, commonly known as Thevaram, contain the hymns of Sambandar (I to III), Appar (books IV to VI) and Sundarar (book VII) and Manikkavasagar (book VIII). Sekkilar's Periyapuranam is the twelfth thirumurai of the Saiva canon.
4. It is a hagiography of the sixty-three Nayanmars but contains an undercurrent of historical information as well. This collection of 12 books is named Panniru Tirumurai.
5. The Periyapuranam relates many stories about Nayanmars and the miraculous episodes in their lives.

1. They are square-shaped except Kailasanatha cave (cave-16), which is a massive monolithic structure, carved out of a single solid rock.
2. This temple is said to represent Kailash, the abode of Lord Shiva. The temple is two storeyed and the Kailasa temple is on the first one.
3. The lower storey has carved life-size elephants, which looks like they are holding up the temple on their backs.
4. The temple exterior has richly carved windows, images of deities from the Hindu scriptures and Mithunas (amorous male and female figures).

1. Distinctions are made between amatyas and mantrins. While a mantri is generally understood to be a diplomat, amatya is a counsellor.
2. Mantri Mandala was a council of ministers. Rahasyadhikrita was a private secretary of the king.
3. Manikkappandaram-Kappan was an officer in charge of the treasury (Manikka - valuables; Pandaram - treasury; Kappan - keeper).
4. Kodukkappillai was the officer of gifts. They were central officers under the Pallava king. Kosa-adhyaksa was the supervisor of the Manikkappandaram-kappan. Judicial courts were called Adhikarna Mandapa and judges called Dharmadhikarins.
5. Fines are mentioned in the Kasakudi plates of Nandivarman Pallava as Karanadandam (fine in superior/ higher court) and Adhikaranadandam (fine in district level).

1. Traders founded guilds and called themselves as sudesi, nanadesi, ainurruvar and others.
2. Their main guild functioned at Aihole. Foreign merchants were known as Nanadesi.
3. It had a separate flag with the figure of bull at the centre, and they enjoyed the right of issuing vira-sasanas.
4. The jurisdiction of this guild stretched over entire south-east Asia.
5. The chief of this guild is registered in the inscriptions as pattanswamy, pattnakilar, and dandanayaka. Its members were known as ayyavole-parameswariyar.

1. Land grants recorded mainly on copperplates provide detailed information on land revenues and taxation.
2. Revenue came almost exclusively from rural sources, mercantile and urban institutions being largel unplanned.
3. Two categories of taxes were levied on the village.
4. The land revenue paid by the cultivator to the state varied from 1/6th to 1/10th of the produce, and was collected by the village and paid to the state collector.
5. In the second category were local taxes, also collected in the village but utilized for services in the village itself.
6. The tax money was spent for repairing irrigation works, illuminating the temple, etc.
7. When the state land tax was inadequate, the revenue was supplemented by additional taxes on draught cattle, toddy-drawers, marriage- parties, potters, goldsmiths, washer men, textile-manufacturers, weavers, brokers, letter-carriers, and the makers of ghee.

1. The temple comprises three shrines, where the prominent ones are dedicated to Siva and Vishnu.
2. The exterior wall of the shrine, dedicated to Vishnu, and the interior of the boundary wall are elaborately carved and sculpted.
3. In southern India, this is one amongst the earliest and most important structural temples.
4. Unlike other structures of the region, the Shore Temple is a five-storeyed rockcut monolith. The monolithic vimanas are peculiar to Mamallapuram .

1. The Pallavas had maritime trade with south-east Asia, where by now there were three major kingdoms: Kambuja (Cambodia), Champa (Annam), and Srivijaya (the southern Malaya peninsula and Sumatra).
2. On the west coast, the initiative in the trade with the West was gradually passing into the hands of the foreign traders settled along the coast, mainly Arabs.
3. Indian traders were becoming suppliers of goods rather than carriers of goods to foreign countries, and communication with the west became indirect, via Arabs, and limited to trade alone.

1. Land ownership was with the king, who could make revenue grants to his officers and land-grants to Brahmans, or else continue to have land cultivated by smallscale cultivators and landlords.
2. The latter was the most common practice. Crown lands were leased out to tenants-at-will. The status of the village varied according to the tenures prevailing.
3. The village with an inter-caste population paid land revenue. The brahmadeya villages were donated to a single Brahman or a group of Brahmans.
4. These villages tended to be more prosperous than the others because no tax was paid.
5. There were devadana villages, donated to a temple, and the revenue was consequently received by the temple authorities and not by the state.