1. The caste system was very flexible and it was based on one's profession rather than birth during the rig vedic period but however it gradually became complex and caste system was associated with birth in subsequent period.
2. There was no concept of untouchabilities in rig vedic but it was a creation of later period. Shudra or the lowest caste was assigned the task of serving the upper castes.
3. Women were treated equal to men. Women were allowed to take part in political process. The birth of girl child was more preferred. However in the later vedic period the women were treated as second citizen and evil practices of child marriage,sati etc became prevalent.
4. The rig vedic people were mostly pastoral and lived in a small territory where they had a strong sense of brotherhood. Their polical life was democratic in nature.
5. The common people elected their king in samiti (local assembly).In the later period the democratic system declined and absolute monarchy emerged. Bigger kingdom began to annex smaller kingdom thus, rise in imperialistic tendency.
6. In the religious sphere the rig vedic people personified and deified the nature and worshipped them. Both men and women worshipped them. In later period religion became more complex with brahmins taking dominant roles and requiring number of expensive sacrifices which were out of common.

Cattle rearing was an important economic activity for the Aryans, although they practiced agriculture. Cattle were considered wealth. The term for war in the Rig Veda was gavishthi which means search for cows (which is the contemporary term (goshti) for factions as well). The donations to the priests were mainly cows and women slaves but not land, which reveals the importance of pastoralism.

1. The Rig Veda refers to Arya varna and Dasa varna. The Dasas and Dasyus were conquered and treated as slaves
2. Social classes were classified as warriors, priests and common people. Sudras as a category of people appeared at the end of the Rig Vedic period.

The area of eastern Afghanistan, Pakistan, Punjab and fringes of Western Uttar Pradesh.

The southern part of India has not produced cultural evidence of a full- fledged chalcolithic culture. Perforated and spouted vessels have been found in some sites. Copper bronze tools like chisels and flat axes occur at these sites. Stone tools continued to be used in this area. Black on red ware pottery is found. These people survived through animal rearing and agriculture. Millets, pulses and horse gram were cultivated, and fruits, leaves and tubers were collected.

Kodumanal, 40 km from Erode, is located on the northern bank of Noyyal river, a tributary of the Cauvery. A series of excavations were carried out during the 1980s and 1990s. The most recent was in 2012. In habitation trenches and megalithic burials of Kodumanal, the goods unearthed included pots, weapons, tools, ornaments, and beads, particularly carnelian, akin to those found at Mohenjodaro. Since carnelian was not known to this region in ancient times, it may have been brought to Kodumanal from outside.

Paiyampalli is a village in Tirupathur taluk, Vellore district. The Archaeological Survey of India carried out an excavation in the 1960s and unearthed black and red ware pottery in this megalithic site. A large number of urn burials were also found in this region. The date of this culture, based on radio carbon dating, is 1000 BCE.

Black and red ware, along with partial human remains and iron objects, were unearthed recently at Vadamalkunda in Krishnagiri, Tamilnadu. A few stone slabs were also found at the site. A centuries old menhir at Singaripalayam excavated near Kundadam in Tiruppur district points to the existence of an ancient settlement along the banks of River Uppar.

The burial system followed by the people of Neolithic period continued into the Megalithic period. A circular tomb using big stone slabs built upon the place of burial is known as a megalith. Such megaliths have been found in many parts of Tamilnadu .
i) The urn burial system was another type of practice and is evidenced in Adichanallur (present Thoothukudi district
ii) Brahmi writing akin to Ashokan Brahmi has been discovered in Kodumanal (Erode District).
iii) Tamil Brahmi inscriptions, datable to third to second centuries BCE found in the upper part of the Vaigai valley.
iv) Paiyampalli is a village in Tirupathur taluk, Vellore district. Kodumanal, 40 km from Erode, is located on the northern bank of Noyyal river, a tributary of the Cauvery.

Ochre Coloured Pottery Ware culture is found in northern India dating to the Chalcolithic period. The OCP pottery has red slip and appears ochre in colour (the ochre colour comes off when the pottery is touched) and hence, it is called Ochre Coloured Pottery. It has black painted designs. The OCP comes in the form of jars, storage jars, bowls, and basins. The OCP sites produced copper figures and objects and therefore it is also known as "copper hoard culture." It is a rural culture and has evidence of the cultivation of rice, barley, and legumes. They also had pastoralism with evidence of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and dogs. The villages had wattle-and daub houses. They used copper and terracotta ornaments.