Patinen Kilkanakku texts,which are post-Sangam works, include eighteen texts,which mostly deal with ethics and moral codes. The most important of them are Thirukkural, and Naladiyar.

1. Natrinai;
2. Kurunthogai;
3. Aingurunuru;
4. Patitruppathu;
5. Paripadal;
6. Kalithogai;
7. Akananuru;
8. Purananuru

Three levels of rulers are found:
1) Kizhar,
2) Velir,
3) Vendar

Adukotpattu Cheralathan
Father - Kudakko Cheralathan
Mother - Velaavi komaan's daughter (Paduman) Devi
Capital: Thondi
Period of Rule : 25 years - (A.D. 19-44)

Hiuen- Tsang is reported to have seen at Kanchi one hundred Buddhist monasteries and 10,000 priests belonging to the Mahayana school.

A group of inscriptions found at Pulangurichi in Sivagangai district datable to about the middle of the fifth century, name two kings. They are Chendan and Kurran. Though there is no mention about their family or dynasty name, some scholars identify them as Kalabhra rulers. The Kalabhra kingdom seems to have been uprooted by Pandyas around the third quarters of sixth century CE.

1. The Asokan inscriptions, written in Prakrit,found in Andhra-Karnataka regions.
2. The Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions found in the caves of TamilNadu and Kerala such as in Mangulam, Jambai, and Pugalur.
3. The Satavahana inscriptions and other Buddhist inscriptions of the Andhra region

1. The megalithic burials sites of the early historic period.
2. Excavated material from ancient sites, including ports, capital towns, with architectural remains, such as in Arikamedu, Kodumanal, Alagankulam, and Uraiyur.
3. Buddhist sites with stupas and chaityas located in Andhra and Kamataka regions (Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda, etc.)

Hiranyagarbha literally means golden womb. A person coming out of this golden womb, after elaborate rituals performed by priests, is declared as reborn possessing a celestial body. The Satavahana king Gautamiputra Sathakarni performed this ritual to claim Kshatriya status.

Karikalan's foremost military achievement was the defeat of the Cheras and Pandyas, supported by as many as eleven Velir chieftains at Venni. He is credited with converting forest into habitable regions and developing agriculture by providing irrigation through the embankment of the Kaveri and building reservoirs.

1. Tamil texts including the Sangam and post-Sangam literature
2. The Arthasastra, the treatise on economy and statecraft authored by Kautilya
3. The Puranas which mention the genealogy of the Andhras/Satavahanas
4. Buddhist Chronicles such as Mahavamsa.
5. Gatha Saptasati, a Prakrit text composed by the Satavahana king Hala

The stupa is a heap of clay that evolved out of earthen funerary mounds, in which the ashes of the dead were buried. Buddhist stupas evolved out of the burial of the ashes of the mortal remains of the Buddha. Buddhist sacred architecture originated with the eight stupas where the ashes were divided. Hemispherical shape, the stupa symbolizes the universe; and the Buddha represents the emperor of the spiritual universe. The stupa has a path around it for devotional circumambulation.

Foreign Notices
The following Greek and Latin sources inform us about the long distance cultural and commercial connections.
1. The Periplus of Erythrean Sea, an ancient Greek text of the first century CE.
2. Pliny the Elder's Natural History, first century CE
3. Ptolemy's Geography, second century CE
4. Vienna Papyrus G 40822, aGreek document datable to the second century CE.
5. A Roman Map called Peutingerian Table

1. The period between the Sangam Age and the Pallava-Pandya period, roughly between c. 300 CE and 600 CE, is known as the age of Kalabhras in the history of Tamizhagam.
2. A group of inscriptions found at Pulangurichi in Sivagangai district datable to about the middle of the fifth century, name two kings. They are Chendan and Kurran. Though there is no mention about their family or dynasty name, some scholars identify them as Kalabhra rulers.
3. The Kalabhra kingdom seems to have been uprooted by Pandyas around the third quarters of sixth century CE.