In the Pandya's rule, Trade expansion overseas continued with the Malabar coast and had trade contacts with West and Southeast Asia.

Bughra Khan, a son of Balban, was there upon appointed the Governor of Bengal, who carved out an independent kingdom after the death of Balban.

The Palas were great patrons of Mahayana Buddhism. The Buddhist philosopher Haribhadra was the spiritual preceptor of Dharmapala, the founder of the Pala kingdom.

1. Antiacidas who was sent to the court of King Bhagabhadra erected a pillar or garudadhvaja with its capital adorned by a figure of Garuda, in honour of God Krishna(Vasudeva).
2. Heliodorus had evidently become a follower of Vishnu. (The pillar stands in isolation in the middle of a open ground in Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh.)

The Janas who migrated eastwards began to settle down in various regions. The loyalty of the people shifted from jana (tribe or clan) to Janapada (territory). Janapada literally meant the place where the tribe sets its foot upon.

After the decline of the Indus Civilization numerous cultures developed across north India. Copper, followed by iron, came to be widely used. Iron helped to expand areas of cultivation leading to agrarian surplus. As this facilitated feeding of more number of people there were greater instances of in-migration and population growth. The Late Harappan cultures suggest that some of the groups moved into eastern direction, after the decline of the Indus Civilization.

Narmada, Godavari, Krishna, Yamuna and other river valleys.

• The English acquired the islands of Bombay in 1668, and setup their headquarters In Bombay in 1687.
• Their primary objective was to develop Bombay as an alternate base for their operations.

May 1761 Puli Thevar's three major forts namely Nerkattumseval, Vasudevanallur and Panayur came under the control of Yusuf Khan

The introduction of plantation crops and slope cultivation in Ceylon, Mauritius, Fiji, Malaya, the Caribbean islands, Natal and South Africa required enormous labour.

1. The middle class consisted of small Mansabdars, petty shopkeepers, hakims (doctors), musicians, artists, petty officials of Mughal administration.
2. There was a salaried class, and received grants called Madad-i-Mash from the Mughal emperor, local rulers and zamindars.

The Prarthana Samaj as an organization never had any great influence but its members, like M. G Ranade (1852-1901), R. G Bhandarkar, and K.T. Telang.

After the death of Madhav Rao II, Baji Rao II, the son of Raghunath Rao became the Peshwa and was the last Peshwa

The rise of syncretic sects and major poets and Saints such as Kabir, Guru Nanak, and Ravidas.

The Maratha military system under the Peshwas was modelled on the Mughal military system.
The mode of recruitment, payment of salaries, provisions for the families of the soldiers, and the importance given to the cavalry showed a strong resemblance to the Mughal military system.

1. He preached equality before God. He rejected caste system, particularly the supremacy of Brahmins as the sole custodians of Hindu religion.
2. The people from the lower strata of the society became his followers.

1. The British called Presidency the place where the office of Chief Administrative Head was situated. Madras, Bombay and Calcutta were the three Presidencies.
2. Later when the Presidency became unwieldy for governance, they created provinces like Central and United Provinces.

Dayananda's Shuddi (purification) movement i.e., conversion of non-Hindus to Hindus. was controversial and provoked controversies especially with the Ahmadiya movement

• Pagoda was the dominant currency in use at the time of arrival of European traders. It was a gold coin of Vijayanagar descent.
• It was called varagan in Tamil. During the reign of Tipu Sultan, one pagoda was the equivalent of three and half rupees in Mysore.
• "Shaking the pagoda tree" was a phrase used in England to describe the opportunities for making quick fortunes in India.

1. The Taj Mahal, is the epitome of Mughal architecture, a blend of Indian, Persian and Islamic styles. It was built by the Shah Jahan to immortalize his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
2. The plans for the complex have been attributed to various architects of the period, though the chief architect was Ustad Ahmad Lahawri, an Indian of Persian descent. 
3. The complex - main gateway, garden, mosque and mausoleum (including its four minarets)- were conceived and designed as a unified entity.
4. Building commenced in about 1632. More than 20,000 workers were employed from India, Persia, the Ottoman Empire and Europe to complete the mausoleum by about 1638-39; the adjunct buildings were finished by 1643, and decoration work continued until at least 1647.

1. The Sangam Age show that the Cholas remained as subordinates to the Pallavas in the Kaveri region.
2. In the copper plate documents of his successors that are available, the Cholas trace their ancestry to the Karikala, the most well-known of the Cholas of the Sangam age.

1. After defeating the Shahi king Anandapala, Mahmud went beyond Punjab, penetrating deep into the Indo-Gangetic plain.
2. Before reaching Kanauj, Mahmud raided Mathura. In later historiography, of both the British and Indian nationalists, Mahmud is notorious for his invasion of the temple city of Somnath (1025) on the seashore in Gujarat.

In India,the term yavana was used to denote all person of Greek origin, including those of mixed race and even the Phoenicians.

Harappan culture is divided into various phases:
1. Early Harappan 3000-2600 BCE
2. Mature Harappan 2600-1900 BCE
3. Late Harappan 1900-1700 BCE.

1. It is the only existing fossil find of human ancestors in India.
2. The only well-known hominin fossil of India was found at Hathnora near Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh.