1. A Buddhist temple was built in Nagapattinam at the request of a Chinese ruler during the reign of Palla va king Narasimhavarman II (CE 695-722).
2. In CE 1006,during the reign of Rajaraja I, Srivijay King Mara-vijayottunggavarman built a Buddhist temple in Nagapattinam.

Janapadas:
1. The janas who migrated eastwards began to settle down in various regions.
2. The janapadas fought with one another for resources and political dominance.
3. Some janapadas extended their territories and brought various janas within their jurisdiction
Mahajanapadas:
1. Territory, people, government and sovereignty are important elements of a state.
2. All these elements were found in some of the mahajanapadas.
3. The mahajanapadas represented the emergence of territorial kingdoms that ruled over people (jana).

Jainism's insistence on non-violence closed other occupations, including agriculture, as it prescribed refraining from intended or unintended killing.

Carvakas developed the concept of scepticism and believed in the pursuit of knowledge through experience. They questioned the authority of Vedas.

The Buddhist texts were compiled in Pali. The Pali canons are called as the Tripitakas(Three Baskets). They are Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka.

Jainisrn spread to Tamil Nadu from about the third century CE.
1. Jaina rock shelters are found in large numbers around Madurai and other places.
2. The Jaina temples is at Tiruparuthikunram near Kanchipuram with beautiful ceiling paintings.

Gosala, Gautama Buddha, Mahavira, Ajita Kesakambalin.

1. Agricultural surplus, the growth of crafts and trade, and the growing population led to the emergence of towns in the Gangetic plains.
2. This is called the second urbanisation in Indian history.

1. Political and administrative centres such as Rajgriha, Shravasti, Kaushambi and Champa
2. Centres of trade and commerce such as Ujjain and Taxila
3. Holy centres such as Vaishali.

Improvement in iron technology had widespread implications for the rest of the economy. Better tools like axes made more extensive clearing of forests possible for agriculture; better ploughs could improve agricultural processes; better nails and tools improved woodwork and carpentry.

1. Right Views;
2. Right Resolve;
3. Right Speech;
4. Right Conduct;
5. Right Livelihood;
6. Right Effort;
7. Right Recollection;
8. Right Meditation.

About 500 years after Mahavira's death, in about 79 or 82 CE, a schism occurred in Jainism. Magadha was affected by severe famine and some of the Jaina monks under Bhadrabahu went south to maintain their strict discipline. They remained without garments and were known as Digambaras (space-clad or naked). Others stayed back under the leadership of Sthulabhadra and adopted a white garment and were known as Svetambaras (white-clad). The schism weakened Jainism in Magadha, but it foundardent followers in Gujarat, Rajasthan,Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Karnataka.

Kacchayana believed that the world was made of seven substances that were unmade, irreducible, uncreated, barren, stable as a mountain peak, standing firm like a pillar that do not alter, do not change, do not interfere with one another, are incapable of causing one another pleasure, pain or both pleasure and pain.The Ajivikas had rich lay disciples such as potters and bankers. The Ajivika sect spread across the length and breadth of the country, though their influence was much less compared to that of Buddhism and Jainism.

1. State formation and the rigidity of the Vedic religion constrained the liberty of thought and action. A revolt against religious practice of following dogmas found its articulation in heterodox sects.
2. The emergence of territorial identities accelerated the process of socio political and economic changes. The elite class, disillusioned with the system in place, began to move in protest towards the heterodox religions blossoming in Magadha or middle Ganges plains.
3. As the Vedic religion was not fully organised, its reach did not permeate into the society and hence people did not find it difficult to follow the newly emerging religious sects.
4. With urbanisation and expansion of trade, new classes of merchants and bankers such as sethis sought higher social status appropriate to their economic status.
5. The grievance of Kshatriyas was that they were denied a staged life of ashramas, a privilege permitted only to Brahmins in the Vedic texts.