Chola inscriptions list some big- size irrigation tanks such as Cholavaridhi, Kaliyaneri, Vairamegatataka created by the Pallavas, Bahur big tank and Rajendra Cholaperiyaeri. For the periodical or seasonal maintenance and repair of irrigation works, conscripted labour was used

The other less prominent regions, the territories of chiefs such as the Irukkuvels, Ilangovels or Mazhavas or Banas were made part of the Chola state and their chiefs were inducted into the state system as its functionaries

The Cholas trace their ancestry to the Karikala, the most well-known of the Cholas of the Sangam age.

In the Pandya's rule, Trade expansion overseas continued with the Malabar coast and had trade contacts with West and Southeast Asia.

Tirunelveli region, which was part of the Pandyan kingdom, exported grain, cotton, cotton cloth and bullocks to the Malabar coast and had trade contacts with West and Southeast Asia

1. After Malik Kafur's invasion, the Pandyan kingdom came to be divided among a number of the main rulers in the Pandya's family.
2. In Madurai, a Muslim state subordinate to the Delhi Sultan came to be established and continued until 1335 CE when the Muslim Governor of Madurai Jalalud din Asan Shah threw off his allegiance and declared himself independent.

Various units of the land measurement such as kuli, ma, veli, patti, padagam, etc. are known, with local variations.

The titles such as Mudikonda Cholan (the crowned Chola), Gangaikondan (conqueror of the Ganges), Kadaramkondan (conqueror of Kadaram) and PanditaCholan (scholarly Cholan).

The Cholas ventured overseas conquering the north-eastern parts of Sri Lanka, bringing it under their control and they called it Mummudi-Cholamandalam.

The quasi-historical literary works Kalingattupparani and Kulotungancholan Pillai Tamizh were composed during their reign.