1. The names are Uttamachola- vaykkal, Panca-vanamadevi-vaykkal and Ganavathy-vaykkal.
2. Ur-vaykkal was owned jointly by the landowners.

1. Iltutmish organized a Corps of Forty, all drawn from Turkish nobility and selected persons from this Forty for appointments in military and civil administration.
2. The Corps of Forty became so powerful to the extent of disregarding the wishes of Iltutmish, and after his death, to place Rukn-ud-Din Firoz on the throne.

The first regular Buddhist work on logic was written by Vasubandhu. Vasubandhu's disciple, Dignaga, was also the author of many learned works.

In India,the term yavana was used to denote all person of Greek origin, including those of mixed race and even the Phoenicians.

Janapadas:
1. The janas who migrated eastwards began to settle down in various regions.
2. The janapadas fought with one another for resources and political dominance.
3. Some janapadas extended their territories and brought various janas within their jurisdiction
Mahajanapadas:
1. Territory, people, government and sovereignty are important elements of a state.
2. All these elements were found in some of the mahajanapadas.
3. The mahajanapadas represented the emergence of territorial kingdoms that ruled over people (jana).

The Zend Avesta is a Persian/Iranian text of Zoroastrianism. This book speaks about the lands and gods of the people speaking the Indo-Iranian languages.

1. The date of the Mesolithic culture varies in different parts of the world.
2. This culture is assigned to pre-agricultural times in certain areas.

1. Chola temples became the arena of social celebrations and functioned as social institutions. They became the hub of societal space in organising social, political, economic and cultural activities.
2. The prime temple officials were koyirramar, koyilkanakku (temple accountant), deva- kanmi (agent of god), srivaisnavar, cantesar (temple manager) and others.
3. They promoted the development of learning, dance, music, painting and drama. A play called Rajarajanatakam, based on the life of Rajaraja I, was performed in the Thanjavur temple.
4. The festivals of ChithiraiTiruvizha, Kartigai and Aippasivizha were celebrated. It is said that singing hymns in temple premises promoted oral literacy.
5. Traditional dance items like kudak-kuthu and sakkaik-kuthu were portrayed in the form of sculptures and paintings in the temples in Kilapalivur, Tiruvorriyur.
6. Nirutya and kama poses are shown in sculptural forms in the Thanjavur big temple. Traditional Tamil musical instruments also were portrayed in this way.
7. Temples functioned as banks by advancing loans and by purchasing and receiving endowments and donations.
8. They also became educational centres as training was imparted in Vedas, music and the arts. Sculpture and metal work too were promoted. Temple accounts were audited and the auditor was called koyilkanakku.

1. Harsha was a worshipper of Siva at least up to 631 CE.
2. But he embraced Buddhism under the influence of his sister Rajyasri and the Buddhist monk Hieun Tsang.
3. He subscribed to the Mahayana school of thought. Yet he held discourses among learned men of various creeds.
4. Slaughter of animals and consumption of meat was restricted.
5. Harsha summoned two Buddhist assemblies (643 CE), one at Kanauj and another at Prayag.
6. assembly at Kanauj was attended by 20 kings including Bhaskaravarman of Kamarupa. A large number of Buddhist, Jain and Vedic scholars attended the assembly.
7. A golden statue of Buddha was consecrated in a monastery and a small statue of Buddha (three feet) was brought out in a procession.
8. The procession was attended by Harsha and other kings.

1. The edicts of Ashoka thus constitute the most concrete source of information about the Mauryan Empire.
2. There are 33 edicts comprising 14 Major Rock Edicts, 2 known as Kalinga edicts, 7 Pillar Edicts,
3. Minor Rock Edicts and a few Minor Pillar Inscriptions.
4. The Major Rock Edicts extend from Kandahar in Afghanistan, Shahbazgarhi and Mansehra in northwest Pakistan to Uttarakhand district in the north, Gujarat and Maharashtra in the west, Odisha in the east and as far south as Karnataka and Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh.
5. Minor Pillar Inscriptions have been found as far north as Nepal (near Lumbini). The edicts were written mostly in the Brahmi script and in Magadhi and Prakrit.
6. The Kandahar inscriptions are in Greek and Aramaic,while the two inscriptions in north-west Pakistan are in Kharosthi script.

The Lower Palaeolithic cultures	Middle Palaeolithic cultures
The Lower Palaeolithic cultural phase, human ancestor species of Homo erectus is believed to have lived in India.	The Middle Palaeolithic culture in India is dated between 3,85,000 and 40,000 BCE.
Human ancestors made large stone blocks and pebbles and chipped tools out of them, using another strong stone.	The tools became smaller. The decrease in the use of hand axes in relation to other tools.
Use Hand axes, cleavers, choppers and the like were designed in this way by flaking off the chips.	Use of core preparation techniques in stone tool production.
They hunted animals and gathered roots, nuts and fruits.	Use of chert, jasper, chalcedony and quartz as raw materials.

1. Menander (c. 165/145-130 BCE) was the best known of the Indo-Greek kings.
2. He is said to have ruled a large kingdom in the at Pataliputra.
3. Many historians argue that the elaborate administrative institutions of the Mauryan Empire drew inspiration from the administrative systems of the Persians and Greeks.

Kizhar:
Kizhar were the heads of the villages or a small territory, later known as nadu. They were the chiefs of tribal communities living in specific areas. The Vendar were kings controlling larger, fertile territories.
Velir:
The Velir, who were many in number, controlled the territories of varied geographical nature, mainly hilly and forest areas, that were in between the muvendar's fertile territories.

1. Archaeology and epigraphy are the tools that provide rich information periods of history.
2. The Brahmi script of the inscriptions at Sanchi was deciphered by James Prinsep in 1837.
3. Excavations reveal the nature of urban morphology, that is, layout of the city and construction of buildings.
4. Epigraphical evidence is scanty for the period.
5. The most widely known are the edicts of Ashoka.

Gosala, Gautama Buddha, Mahavira, Ajita Kesakambalin.

Cattle rearing was an important economic activity for the Aryans, although they practiced agriculture. Cattle were considered wealth. The term for war in the Rig Veda was gavishthi which means search for cows (which is the contemporary term (goshti) for factions as well). The donations to the priests were mainly cows and women slaves but not land, which reveals the importance of pastoralism.