The Zabt System (introduced by Todal Mal): money revenue rates were now fixed on each unit of area according to the crops cultivated. The schedules containing these rates for different localities applicable year afterJear were called dasturs.

Delhi, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri, Lahore, Ahmadabad, Dacca and Multan were important cities of the empire which could be ranked along with contemporary European cities like London and Paris.

1. The middle class consisted of small Mansabdars, petty shopkeepers, hakims (doctors), musicians, artists, petty officials of Mughal administration.
2. There was a salaried class, and received grants called Madad-i-Mash from the Mughal emperor, local rulers and zamindars.

1. Hurnayun was deeply engrossed in the affairs of Bahadur Shah.
2. the rebellions of the Gujarati people, Askari decided to proceed to Agra.
3. Sher Khan had strengthened himself by defeating the ruler of Bengal.
4. Sher Khan captured the fort of Rohtas and Bengal.

This battle was won by Sher Khan and Humayun's army was completely routed, and he became a prince without a kingdom.

1. Mughal miniatures are an important part of the museums of the world.
2. Ancient Indian painting traditions kept alive in provinces like Malwa and Gujarat along with the central Asian influences created a deep impact in the world of painting.
3. The masters of miniature painting ,Abdu's Samad and Mir Sayyid Ali, who had come to India from Central Asia along with Humayun inspired Indian painters.

1. Tamil literature was dominated by Saivite and Vaishnavite literature.
2. Kumaraguruparar, a great Saiva poet, is said to have visited Varanasi in the late seventeenth century.
3. He composed important literary works such as Meenakshiammai Pillai Tamil and Neethineri Vilakkam.
4. Thayumanavar wrote highly devotional verses with compassion for all humanity and he formulated a sanmarga that tried to bridge differences between the various Saivite sects.
5.The Christian missionaries like Roberto de Nobili and Constantine Joseph Beschi contributed much to Tamil language

1. Poets and saints emerged from various parts of the country.
2. They were critical of rituals, and criticised the caste system.
3. Rather than using Sanskrit for expressing their devotion, they employed the language of the common people.
4. The radical ideas, and the easy but catchy language often set to music made them popular among the masses.

(a) Sikhism
1. Sikhism originated as a popular monotheistic movement, arid evolved into one of the recognised religions of the world.
2. Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of Sikhs, contained the sayings of Muslim saint Shaikh Farid and of Bhakti poets such as Namdev, Kabir, Sain and Ravidas.
(b) Sufism
1. India was a fertile soil for the prevalence of Sufism or Muslim mysticism that had its origin in Iran. It was accepted by the orthodox theologians as long as it fulfilled the obligations of the shariah.
2. Sufism played a key role in creating religious harmony.

The Jats (Mathura district), the Satnamis (Haryana region), and the Sikhs rebelled against Aurangzeb.

1. The Taj Mahal, is the epitome of Mughal architecture, a blend of Indian, Persian and Islamic styles. It was built by the Shah Jahan to immortalize his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
2. The plans for the complex have been attributed to various architects of the period, though the chief architect was Ustad Ahmad Lahawri, an Indian of Persian descent. 
3. The complex - main gateway, garden, mosque and mausoleum (including its four minarets)- were conceived and designed as a unified entity.
4. Building commenced in about 1632. More than 20,000 workers were employed from India, Persia, the Ottoman Empire and Europe to complete the mausoleum by about 1638-39; the adjunct buildings were finished by 1643, and decoration work continued until at least 1647.

1. The political intrigues that prevailed because of Nur-Jahan, led Prince Khurram to rebel against his father but due to the efforts ofMahabat Khan, a loyal general of Jahangir, the rebellion could not be fruitful. Prince Khurram had to retreat to the Deccan.
2. The intrigues of Nur-Jahan also made Mahabat Khan to rise in revolt which was effectively handled by Nur-Jahan. Mahabat Khan also retreated to Deccan to join Prince Khurram.

(a) William Hawkins
In 1611, King James I obtained from Mughal Emperor Jahangir through William Hawkins, permission for regular trade. The English obtained some trading privileges in Surat.
(b) Sir Thomas Roe
1. In 1615-19 Sir Thomas Roe was sent as an Ambassador of the English King James I.
2. The Viceroy of Gujarat, Prince Khurram granted trading privileges, but the British could not operate freely because the Portuguese exercised a powerful influence in the region.

1. Akbar, enraged by his behavior issued a farman dismissing Bairam Khan.
2. This led to Bairam Khan's revolt which was ably dealt with by Akbar.
3. Bairam Khan, finally agreeing to submit himself to Akbar, proceeded to Mecca.

The Ottomans (Turkish people practicing Sunni Islam) forced Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, the ruler of Samarkand, to seek his career prospects elsewhere.